Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategies - Essay Example This paper briefly analyses the cause of recent US financial problems and recommends certain solutions for that. The major reason for the current financial crisis in America is the credit policies of the Federal Reserve. They have made the credit cheaper and loan seekers like the home buyers took advantage of the easy credit and the bid up prices of the homes increased drastically. Financial institutions were ready to pay any amounts to the loan seekers as a result of the policies of the Congress and Federal Reserve. Congress continued its support for mortgage tax deduction which encouraged the home buyers to purchase expensive houses beyond their financial capabilities. Real estate agents took advantage of the favorable housing market conditions and they encouraged the home buyers to buy expensive houses in order to get more commissions. Wall Street firms paid too little attention to the quality of the risky loans that they bundled into Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) and the Bush administration failed to provide needed government oversight of the increasingly dicey mortgage-backed securities market (Wall Streets Role in the U.S. Mortgage Crisis Examined, 2008). In short, lack of control over the financial institutions was a major cause of the recent financial crisis. Everybody tried to catch the fish in the muddy water and nobody thought that the American economic bubble may burst in the near future. In short, lack of governmental control and the visionless policies caused the current financial crisis in America. Globalization and liberalization policies also contributed heavily to the current crisis. The huge expenditure made for war on terror and that for the recent gulf war put immense financial burden upon the common public. Tight control over the financial sector is the most important strategy the US government should take to avoid future financial

Televison Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Televison Audiences - Essay Example Through exposure to media resources that promote an aligned consumerist pattern of thinking, children are being limited in the directions of philosophical discourse that can be learned. However, not all aspects of media are negative. Much of the research that has been done has focused on the negative, however, thus the general information suggests that media has a negative influence on children, thus changing society towards a detrimentally inferior state. The media effects model of audience research tends towards creating this negative balance between children and the media, however new forms of research, such as the gratification and uses theory, provide for a broader understanding of the influences of the media (Seiter 1999, p. 12). In doing research on children and the effects of media on their socialization, the media effects theory may be enhancing the negative effects without balancing the positive effects in such a way as to more fully understand the phenomenon. Children and Television Television and other easily accessible forms of media are an important part of life in modern society, thus the exposure of children to the messages that are imparted through the media has created a great deal of discussion and research on the topic. Much of that research has focused on the negative aspects. Buckingham (2003, p. 163) relates that children, in most homes, spend more time watching television than any other activity in their schedule. The influences of messages that relate to society that are imparted through literary methods of storytelling create a high impact on the socialization of children through their viewing habits. Buckingham (2003, p. 166) states that research â€Å"regards the relationship between television and children as one of cause and effect: the ’messages’ contained within the medium are assessed in terms of their quantifiable impact on viewers’ attitudes or behavior†. One can argue, however, that this is a limit ed point of view that influences research in a specific direction, assuming that behavior is a determinant of effect, thus providing for a negative regard to the results. Kelley, Buckingham, and Davies (1999, p. 221) created a study that focused on the influence of sexual representations on children, but used discourse analysis to further understand the phenomenon. It might, however, be important to realize that discussing where children get their messages might limit the observations. Although analysis of the linguistics used by children to relate their understandings might be central to understanding their experience, it is important to realize that despite how they frame their experiences, the messages that they receive are more complex, thus the research may only be hearing the easiest course of explanations, rather than flushing out the full extent of how information has been processed. Socialization Influences A primary concern in the study on the influence of media on childre n is that of sex-role socialization. The vulnerability of children to the influences of media have provided for characterizations of sex-roles to be created through messages that inform on how to

Similarities And Differences Between Tourism And Event Management Tourism Essay

Similarities And Differences Between Tourism And Event Management Tourism Essay 1 Introduction Development of tourism industry must adapt to the tourism products of tourism demand, development of event tourism also needs to adapt to mass tourism products of tourism demand, while the core of tourism products is tourism attraction. Tourist attraction is a natural tourist attraction, cultural object, and the fundamental property and function is attractive to tourists and stimulates peoples travel motivations (Margaret Deery;Â  Leo Jago; Liz Fredline, 2004). The most basic function OF tourist attraction is to attract tourists to the destination. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to look for the similarities and differences between tourism management and event management, and the event tourism will be the focus to link the both. 2 Definitions Tourism management is relying on creative thinking, integrating tourism resources to achieve the optimal fit of resources, environment, transport and market, and finally to achieve the creative process of objectives of tourism development (Witt, S. F., Moutinho, L., 1996). Event management is the management activity to suit all levels and types of political and economic activities, sports events, the main tourism, conferences and exhibitions, entertainment, carnival and others based on the explosive growth of government and non-government agencies (Boris Gruschke, 1998). It is not only different from government administration, but also different from ordinary commercial enterprise management across organizations. Event tourism refers to the form of taking one-time or regular festivals held as the core attraction for destination marketing, or enhancing the special tourism activities (David Getz, 2008). Holiday celebrations often accumulated a rich local cultural content, and very strong participation, entertainment, therefore, the planners of event activities often try to create an atmosphere of festival or celebration in order to attract wider attention, more tourists, and even create a recycling of tradition. 3 Similarities between tourism management and event management In my opinion, the most important similarity between tourism management and event management is event tourism, which is reflected both in tourism and event activities. Tourism Management Event Management Event Tourism Management Figure 1 Similarity between tourism management and event management Compared with the general types of tourism activities, event tourism has its own distinct characteristics: One is the distinctive endemic characteristic. Production of a tourism event will often rely on local characteristics and cultural customs to attract local source (Julie E Otto and J. R. Brent Ritchie, 1996). Arising from the festival with a distinctive local features travel, it is easy to win the favor of the depth of the root causes of tourists. Second is the activity concentration. Event tourism activities are concentrated in a particular period of time, usually a fixed time period, and activity is very compact arrangement, which makes the tourists tourism activities and tourism experience with significant concentration of features. If the event activities are charming, tourists generally stay longer. Third is the widespread influence. Large scale of event tourism activities often lead to larger concerns, to attract people from all over the world concentrated in one activity enabling collaboration, feel the local atmosphere of the event (David Getz, 1997). This will bring large and widespread impact to the regional tourism development and local economic, social and cultural development. Fourth is the comprehensiveness of effects. A major event tourism activity held brings both a direct economic benefit, but also brings indirect benefits to other aspects of stealth, will promote the development in various aspects of the host. Event tourism has these features, combined with festivals by tourists with high levels of consumption, repeatability, a longer residence time, etc., features, making event tourism as a concern of the object for the regional tourism development, increasing people attention (Robyn Stokes, 2008). Australia by virtue of holding this special festive event of Americas Cup yacht race became one of the worlds most famous tourists; China Qingdao through Beer Festival, Ocean Day spread out their unique marine culture, successfully created the image as the characteristics of the marine city. It shows the organization of festivals, especially the organization of large-scale events, often become the focus of media attention. Event tourism for the city provides a stage to show their image, any one ad, any marketing activities are difficult to match with the effectiveness. Large scale of event activities Participated in event Improved Infrastructure Community interests Increased Media coverage Increased Travel promotions Increased Capacity Visitor Satisfaction Community Satisfaction Increased Identity Increased Visiting host people Word of mouth Increased Tourism image Impression of decline over time Figure 2 The link between event and tourism 4 Differences between tourism management and event management Using system theory, with project management theory, it can understand the event tourism from four levels (John Swarbrooke, 1999): the basic principles and concepts (Tourism event is a project, project management should be implemented); system development cycle (tourism event development life cycle); systems and procedures (using specific management techniques and procedures); organizational behavior (set up reasonable organizational structure and effective encouraging project members). Table 1 Comparative analysis of tourism event features and project definition Definition of project Characteristics of tourism event 1, including a single, definable goal or end product or result. Tourism event is non-routine, is the special event occurring within a certain period. It is an identifiable task, has a certain economic goals, social goals. Major tourism festival (Mega-event) on tourism has huge economic and social impact. Large-scale festival events can be regarded as sub-sub tasks. 2, unique. Project is the activity with only one type, and can never be completely repeated. Tourism event is usually carefully planned. This nature makes tourism events different from the spontaneous events and happenings unique. It is impossible to repeat, if failed, could not recover. 3, the temporary activities. Life-cycle, once the goal to achieve, the project has ceased to exist. Tourism event has a certain deadline. While some festivals held regularly, but the result of the project objectives, stakeholders and the Environment (ie project system) will change, so this new festival should be regarded as new projects. 4, requires the use of various professional and organizational skills and ability. Tasks and skills required also vary with the project. The process of the operation of tourism event is across a number of management functions units: government, business, public and many industries. Tourism events success is inseparable from their extensive support and collaboration. 5, may be unfamiliar. Very uncertain risk factors. The complexity of the process organization operation of tourism event, integrated not only manifested in not only the characteristics of tourism products in general, it also has its own characteristics and attributes. 6, there is some risk. The failure of the project may pose a threat to the organization or its goals. Tourism event has the risk for every stage, failure of tourism festival activities could adversely affect tourism destination in fairly long time. 7, is to achieve the goal of a process to work. A project to go through several different stages; stages of conversion tasks, manpower, organization and resources will change with it. Tourism event during the operation and management may still happen. There may be individual specific projects that are not fully defined in terms of projects; most projects have in front of three or four features. Comparative analysis from the table, tourism event at least meets the before six items. It can be concluded: Tourism event is a project, project management theory is applied to the tourism event products. Tourism event is present the life cycle. The life cycle of tourism events is it similar to the dynamic process of the natural life cycle of birth, growth, maturity, decline and death, which includes concept, planning, implementation and operation of four stages (I McDonnell, J Allen, W Otoole, 1999). Purpose of understanding the life cycle issues travel section is very important to manager of the project: on the one hand, tourism event highlights the project life cycle in project management plan, review and analysis, implementation process, the management of each process systems analysis is the basis for the next phase of the operation, which requires management system, a comprehensive understanding of project life cycle tourism festival, and at different times to take corresponding measures; on the other hand, life cycle process is for each project objectives, which requires the project manager should be on the festivals understanding of the project life cycle and the project aims t o combine effective management by objectives (David Getz, 1997). Therefore, the managers to respond flexibly to the changing environment need to have a life cycle management culture, in order to ensure the smooth operation of the events. 5 Conclusion As a project, the tourism event should be analyzed with a systematic approach. Management of tourism event, in the face of complex elements in the events project system, managers must first carry out systematic analysis of each element. Tourism event project system is an open system, project managers must from the system level, organizational level and technical level to evaluate the system, senior managers will need more from the system level to analyze the system. To understand the main system of property projects of tourism events, particularly in the development of tourism event is the important status in the major tourism events and huge tasks. Event tourism as the bridge to link tourism and event activities, in the tourism development assumes more and more important functions and role. Although it shows the similarities and differences between tourism management and event management, for the issues of the operation idea of tourism event, development strategy and effects, we should pay more concerns. Word count: 1,529

The Causitive Agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Essay -- Biology M

The Causitive Agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever The Bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii is the small, aerobic gram-negative bacterium that is the cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans (and other vertebrates). They are obligate, intracellular bacteria that range in size form 0.2x0.5  µm to 0.3x2.0 µm. Rickettsia belong to the phylum alpha-protobacteria, which are capable of growing in low levels of nutrients, and have a long generation time relative to other gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. In humans rickettsiae preferentially reside in the nucleus or cytoplasm of cells lining small to medium size blood vessels. Rickettsia enter host cell by inducing phagocytosis, then immediately escape the phagosome to grow and reproduce within the cytoplasm (or nucleus)of the host cell. The host cell will normally lyse eventually, causing the release of new organisms. The host cell is also harmed by the toxic effect of the cell wall. (CDC) Van Kirk et al have done studies showing that actin-based motility (ABM) is a mechanism for intercellular spread. R. rickettsii is the only Rickettsia species that utilizes ABM. Findings suggest that ABM is a major factor in causing infection; after a host cell becomes infected the polymerization of the actin of the host cell forms a filamentous actin comet tail. The actin tail aids the pathogen in moving through the cytosol and into membrane protrusions of the host cell, where it can be engulfed by neighboring cells and can initiate a new infectious cycle. The Vector Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is classified as a zoonosis (diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans), and requires a vector for transmission. The vectors (and reservoirs) for RMSF are tic... ...G. Marshall, Anita M Kelsey, MD. â€Å"What’s Your Diagnosis?† Consultant August 1996:1729-1735 Niebylski, Mark L., Mort G. Peacock, and Tom G. Schwan. â€Å"Lethal Effect of Rickettsia rickettsii on Its Tick Vector (Dermacentor andersoni)† Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 1999: p 773-338. Rahman, M. Sayeedur, Jason A. Simser, Kein R. Macaluso, and Abdu F. Azad. â€Å"Molecular and Funcional Analysis of the lepB Gene, Encoding a Type I Signal Peptidase from Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia typhi.† Journal of Bacteriology August 2003 (2003 American Society for Microbiology):4578-4584. Van kirk, Levi S., Stanley F. Hayes, and Robert A. Heinzen. â€Å"Ultrastructure of Rickettsia rickettsii Actin Tails and Localization of Cytoskeletal Proteins.† Infection and Immunity (August 2000). Abstract. 16 September 2004. .

Every Child Matters Act and the No Child Left Behind Act

Jamondria Robinson 3rd hour Flanders A barrier for ensuring that all children in our community receive a high quality education would be the Every Child Matters Act and the No Child Left Behind Act. Ed. Gov states, â€Å"President Bush made a commitment to ensure that all children receive a high quality education so that no child is left behind. In just one year after the president first took office, the No Child Lefty behind Act (NCLB) passed overwhelmingly. No Child Left Behind has led to higher standards and greater accountability throughout the nation’s school systems.No Child Left Behind provides the schools with more funding, gives states and school districts more control and more flexibility to use resources where they are needed most, holds schools and school districts accountable for results, and may provide your child with free tutoring and extra help with school work. When it comes to improving education in our state I believe our priority is to improve teaching, m ake better finical investments in our education systems, and coming up with better way to get students more involved and excited to learn.I believe we need to look at how much we’ve already spent and what were using the money for and evaluate what we are receiving in return. Opening college doors to more high school students who don’t have the funds to pay for it themselves is also another way in improving education in our state, allowing more students to have the opportunity to receive a decent education. Offering more and specific work related classes that interest the student and offering high more challenging courses for the students as well.But its not just about what the state and community can do, but its also up to the parents. Parents and Guardians play a big part in helping improve our education systems. The role of parent and parental involvement in improving education in our state is being involved. Regardless of the family income or background students wit h involved parents are more likely to earn higher grades and test scores attend school regular basis. Students with involved parents tend to have better social skills, improved behavior, and graduate on time and attend college.Children who have parents who aren’t there to push and motivate them don’t make it quit far. Parental support is always needed and a big part of parental involvement. If your parent doesn’t care about your education or is involved regarding you education you’re going to feel as if it’s not so important. Parents can become more involved by talking to their child and the child’s teachers, making sure they know who is giving their child the education and to be sure the child is working to their best of their ability.Physical environment affect school climate and student achievement by depending on what goes on inside or outside of school of the school will the feelings expressed by students, teachers, staff and parents ab out school. If the child is placed into a negative environment outside of school there’s a big guarantee that it will be brought back into school by that child. There’s also a chance that other students may pick up vibes from another student rather its negative or positive.When the child is placed into a good positive environment outside of school more than likely he or she will feel more better about themselves and bring that attitude back into the school as well. A well disciplined environment, learning environment, social environment, and school-community relations all affect the schools climate and the achievements of the students who attend. When students have to travel outside their neighborhood to attend a great school their family looses time, money, and energy.To put your child in a school that is better than their neighborhood schools probably cost more and is a bit embarrassing to the community or area you reside in. You’re using more gas to provide y our child transportation to attend this school. It also takes up more time to take and pick your child up from a school that’s more than 20 minutes away from where you live. Now with a lot of students coming from poorly educated schools to attend the good schools they are making the â€Å"good† public schools in that particular area look bad. Most Africa-American communities don’t care about attending school or getting a good education.Everyone wants to make it out on their own but it seems as if the younger generations don’t want to make the first step in receiving a good education. They don’t take getting a education as serious as they should. But not all African Americans in a community feel that way. I believe the African-American communities stand beside other communities in America with the problems in the system. I believe the African Americans stand beside other communities because most of them don’t care. From the looks of things I believe most African-Americans have the wrong mentality about school and life.

How Should Marianne Berner Respond to the Invitation for Ikea to Have a Representative Appear on the Upcoming Broadcast of the German Video Program?

Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 1/9 Numerical Differentiation  ® Suppose we have a list of points x0 < x1 < x2 <  ·  ·  · < xn and corresponding function values f (x 0 ), f (x 1 ), f (x 2 ), . . . , f (x n )  ® A natural question is whether we can use the data above to approximate f ? (x) at some point x ? [x0, xn].  ® The answer is easy provided the points xi are equally spaced so that xi ? xi? 1 = h (constant) and x. The easiest way to motivate derivative formulas is using the definition of derivative f (x + h) ? f (x ) f ? (x) = lim h>0 h which suggests many possible difference formulas: ? (x ) ? f (x + h) ? f (x ) h f (x ) ? f (x ? h) f ? (x ) ? h f (x + h) ? f (x ? h) f ? (x ) ? 2h f (x + 2 h) ? f (x ? 2 h) ? f (x ) ? 4h (forward difference) (backward difference) (centered difference) (wide centered difference)  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  ® These formulas are accurate only if h is â€Å"small enough. † October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? eren tiation MACM 316 2/9 Example Suppose we’re approximating the derivative of f (x) = 2 sin(3x) using the equally-spaced data x 0. 3000 0. 3250 0. 3500 0. 3750 0. 4000 0. 4250 0. 4500 0. 4750 0. 5000 f (x) 1. 5667 1. 6554 1. 7348 1. 8045 1. 8641 1. 131 1. 9514 1. 9788 1. 9950 The approximations of f ? (0. 4) with h = 0. 1 are: 1. f ? (x) ? f (x+h)? f (x) h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 9950? 1. 8641 0. 1 = 1. 3090 (40%) 2. f ? (x) ? f (x)? f (x? h) h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 8641? 1. 5667 0. 1 = 2. 9740 (37%) 3. f ? (x) ? f (x+h)? f (x? h) 2h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 9950? 1. 5667 0. 2 = 2. 1415 (1. 5%) where the relative errors are computed using the exact value f ? (0. 4) = 6 cos(3 ? 0. 4) = 2. 17414652686004 2. 1 2 y 1. 9 1. 8 1. 7 1. 6 1. 5 0. 25 0. 3 0. 35 0. 4 0. 45 0. 5 0. 55 0. 6 x Figure 1: f (x) = 2 sin(3x) October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? rentiation MACM 316 3/9 Example (cont’d) Investigate what happens when h is decreased to 0. 05: x 0. 3000 0. 3250 0. 3500 0. 3 750 0. 4000 0. 4250 0. 4500 0. 4750 0. 5000 f (x) 1. 5667 1. 6554 1. 7348 1. 8045 1. 8641 1. 9131 1. 9514 1. 9788 1. 9950 The approximations of f ? (0. 4) with h = 0. 05 are: 1. f ? (x) ? f (x+h)? f (x) h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 9514? 1. 8641 0. 05 = 1. 7460 (20%) 2. f ? (x) ? f (x)? f (x? h) h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 8641? 1. 7348 0. 05 = 2. 5860 (19%) 3. f ? (x) ? f (x+h)? f (x? h) 2h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 8641? 1. 7348 0. 1 = 2. 1660 (0. 4%) 4. f ? (x) ? f (x+2h)? f (x? 2h) 4h f ? (0. 4) ? . 9950? 1. 5667 0. 2 = 2. 1415 (1. 5%) Notice that: †¢ The forward and backward difference formulas (1 and 2) have similar accuracy. †¢ The centered difference (3) is much more accurate than the one-sided differences. †¢ Decreasing h increases the accuracy of the approximation. Question: Can this be explained? October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 4/9 Error Analysis To analyse the error in ? nite difference formulas, use Taylor series approximations. Examp le 1: Forward difference formula †¢ Write the Taylor polynomial of degree n = 1, with error term: ? (x + h) = f (x ) + f (x ) h + f (c) 2 h2 †¢ Then f (x + h) ? f (x ) h ? = f (x ) + f (c) 2 h = f ? (x ) + O (h) †¢ Decreasing h clearly reduces the error. Example 2: Centered difference formula †¢ Taylor polynomials for f (x + h) and f (x ? h) to O (h4): f (x) 2 f (x) 3 f (4) (x) 4 f (5) (c1 ) 5 f (x + h) = f (x) + f (x) h + h+ h+ h+ h 2 6 4! 5! ? f (x ? h) = f (x) ? f ? (x) h + f (x) 2 h2 ? f (x) 6 h3 + f (4) (x) 4! h4 ? f (5) (c2 ) 5! h5 †¢ Subtract the second equation from the ? rst and divide by 2h: f (x) 2 f (x + h) ? f (x ? h) ? = f (x) + h + O (h4 ) 2h 6 Error in centered formula is smaller (as expected)! October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 5/9 Error Analysis (cont’d) Taylor series can also be used to derive new formulas. Example 3: A second-order one-sided formula †¢ Write the Taylor po lynomials for f (x + h) and f (x + 2h): f (x) 3 f (x) 2 h+ h + O (h4 ) f (x + h) = f (x ) + f (x ) h + 2 6 4f (x) 3 ? 2 f (x + 2 h) = f (x ) + 2f (x ) h + 2 f (x ) h + h + O (h4 ) 3 ? †¢ Form the following linear combination: 4 f (x + h) ? f (x + 2 h) ? 3 f (x ) 2h ? = f (x ) ? f (x) 3 h2 + O (h4 ) Expect this formula to be more accurate than forward/backward differences, and similar to centered formula October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 6/9 Richardson Extrapolation In addition to creating new formulas or reducing h, there is a â€Å"trick† for increasing accuracy:  ® The centered difference formula is missing the odd terms: f ? (x) = f (x+h)? f (x? h) 2h f ? (x) = g0 (h) + O (h2) + O (h4) + O (h6) +  ·  ·  · a  · h2 + + O (h4) + O (h6) +  ·  ·  · (1) Then, write the same difference formula using h : 2 f ? (x) = g0 ( h ) 2 + a  · ( h )2 + O (h4) + O (h6) +  ·  ·  · (2)  ® Eliminate the O (h2) term by taking 4 ? (1) ? (2): 4f ? (x) ? f ? (x) = 4g0 ( h ) ? g0 (h) + 4a  · ( h )2 ? a  · h2 + O (h4 ) + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · 2 2  ® Simplify to obtain a formula of higher accuracy: ? f (x) = 4g0 ( h ) ? g0 (h) 2 3 + O (h4) + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  ·  ® Continue this idea (recursively) to higher orders: 4g0 ( h )? g0 (h) 2 3 + b  · h4 + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · = g1 (h) + b  · h4 + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · = g1 ( h ) 2 + = 16g1 ( h )? g1 (h) 2 15 + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · = g2 (h) + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · f ? (x) =  ® In general, gn = October 30, 2008 b 16  · h4 + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · 4n gn? 1 ( h )? gn? 1 (h) 2 4n ? 1 Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 7/9 Richardson Extrapolation – Example  ® Consider the data from the earlier example: x 0. 300 0. 325 0. 350 0. 375 0. 400 0. 425 0. 450 0. 475 0. 500 f (x) 1. 5667 1. 6554 1. 7348 1. 8045 1. 8641 1. 9131 1. 9514 1. 9788 1. 9950 g0(h) = f (x+h)? f (x? h) 2h g1(h) = 4g0 ( h )? g0 (h) 2 3 g2(h) = 16g1 ( h )? g1 (h) 2 15  ® Steps in Richardson extrapolation (x = 0. 4 and h = 0. 1) are easy to organize in tabular form: x=0. 4 h=0. 1 h g0 (h) – O (h2 ) g1 (h) – O (h4) g2 (h) – O (h6 ) 2. 1416807698 2. 1741099363 h 2 2. 1660026447 h 4 2. 1721088377 . 1741465220 2. 1741442353  ® Note: Don’t confuse with Newton divided differences!  ® Relative errors (using f ? (0. 4) = 2. 17414652686004): x=0. 4 h=0. 1 g0 (h) h 1. 49 ? 10? 2 g1 (h) g2 (h) 1. 68 ? 10? 5 h 2 h 4 October 30, 2008 3. 74 ? 10? 3 9. 25 ? 10? 4 2. 26 ? 10? 9 1. 05 ? 10? 6 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 8/9 Optimal h  ® When applying any ? nite difference formula, †¢ we want h as small as possible so that truncation error is small (Taylor polynomial error term), †¢ we cannot take h too small, otherwise round-off error dominates (subtractive cancellation). There should be an â€Å"optimal h† where truncat ion error and round-off error balance out. Example: Forward difference approximation  ® Evaluate the difference using ? oating point arithmetic: f (x+h)? f (x) h = f (x+h)(1+? 1 )? f (x)(1+? 2 ) , h = fl f (x+h)? f (x) h + where |? i | u = unit roundoff a ·u , h where a is some constant a ·u = f ? (x) + b  · h + h truncation round-off  ® Optimum h occurs roughly when b ·h ? a ·u h =? h ? a ·u b Example: Take f (x) = 2 sin(3x) †¢ Then a ? 4 and b = f (x) 2 = |9 sin(3x)| 9. †¢ Assume single precision arithmetic u = 10? 6: h? †¢ f ? (0. ) = October 30, 2008 4  · 10? 6 9 ? 0. 00066667. f (0. 400667)? f (0. 4) 0. 00066667 ? 2. 16 (0. 65% relative error) c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 9/9 Below is a representative sketch of the estimates for b ·h †¢ truncation error: a ·u †¢ round-off error: †¢ total error: h b ·h+ a ·u h 20 18 16 total error Total Error (10-3) 14 12 10 truncation error 8 6 round- off error 4 2 0 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8 2 h (10-3) Note: Total error has a local minimum near x = 0. 667 ? 10? 3. October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie

Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown The key concept of this research paper is an in-depth analysis of the book â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. This bibliography analyses the works of Johnson Claudia, Hurley Paul, Korb Rena, Carlson Patricia, and Hostetler Norman. These articles review the book â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.†Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Young Goodman Brown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Carlson, Patricia Ann. Setting and Fictional Dynamics. Hawthornes Functional Settings: A Study of Artistic Method. Editions Rodopi, 1977. 128-131. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna J. Sheets. Vol.29. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web. Carlson, Patricia Ann’s Setting and Fictional Dynamics† article discuses symbolic connotation of the village and forest settings which influences Goodman Brown’s view of good and evil. The author presents the scenic ele ments of the forest and the village without ambiguity. Carlson explains the innocence of village life. Also, she resonates on how an external influence can completely alter faith and perception. The article presents the climax of the plot in emotive context. The author resonates on the contradictory extremes of misguided attitude and false perception in the belief of ‘a blackness power.’ Besides, Carlson clarifies on Brand and Brown’s perception of super natural power. The conclusion of this article provides a summary of Brown’s frustration and eventual death. This article will add value to my research paper on the component of symbolism especially when discussing forest and the village. Besides, the author has simplified the understanding of factors which positively or negatively influence faith and perception. This article is developed from an array of deductive arguments from which Carlson creates her views. These arguments are relevant to my research t opic on the qualitative component. Conclusively, the article presents a strong climax on the plot of the story. Hostetler, Norman H. Narrative Structure and Theme in Young Goodman Brown. The Journal of Narrative Technique 12.3 (Fall 1982): 221-228. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna J. Sheets. Vol. 29.Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web. In the article, ‘Narrative Structure and Theme in ‘Young Goodman Brown,’ by Hostetler Norman, the theme is conflict analysis between the narrator and title character. Besides, the article examines conscious awareness, Irony, imaginations, and the ideal epistemology in decision making. The author concurs that acceptance of universal experiment depends on perceptions and ability to create positive imagination.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hostetler examines the psy chological influence on judgment and conflict interpretation. Interestingly, conflict is the basis of confusion if unattended. The author identifies imaginations and awareness as themes. Hostetler presents well researched arguments. His proactive analysis of conflict is relevant to my research topic. The author proves that imaginations can be self-destructing especially when not balanced with reasoning. The conclusion of the article is drawn from a range of dependent and independent premises. These premises are relevant to the topic of my research. Hurley J. Paul. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown’s ‘Heart of Darkness.’† American Literature. Southern Illinois University: Illinois, 2003. EBSCO Publishing. Web. Hurley J. Paul’s article, ‘Young Goodman Brown’s Heart of Darkness,’ examines the controversies on ‘Young Goodman Brown.’ The article explores on the various views of sin, thus, evil. The author explains Arguments of di fferent critics and confesses of a diabolical inspiration. Besides, Hurley justifies limits of fiction in arguments and hallucinations. In conclusion, the author opines that self justification and ego-induced fantasy is a disease of the mind. This article presents strong arguments on the negative impacts of self-justification. Hurley suggests that imperative and factious arguments only results in confusion. Subsequently, confusion facilitates ego-induced fantasy. In the end, an individual becomes the victim of his/her beliefs. In my research paper, this article will be the basis of thesis statement. Since the article consists of well researched sources from which the author builds discrete arguments, I will adopt it. This approach is easily testable for fallacies and restrictive notions. Besides, the article incorporates views that are relevant to the research topic. Johnson, Claudia G. Young Goodman Brown and Puritan Justification. Studies in Short Fiction 11.2 (Spring 1974): 200-2 03. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna J. Sheets. Vol. 29. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Young Goodman Brown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay by Johnson, Claudia G. examines ‘Young Goodman Brown’ in the aspect of justification of Puritan doctrine stating that God can open man’s heart to let him know himself better. The author explores views of Puritan theorists concerning sin and descent. Johnson reviews Goodman Brown‘s descent and visions. Interestingly, the author concludes that Good Brown’s visions and views on Puritanism is regenerative, negative, and of unjustified fake descent. The author deliberates on separating and defining reality and dream. Though Newton Arvin views Goodman’s vision as true, Johnson seems to think otherwise. According to the doctrines of the puritans, G od gave man another chance after breaking the first Covenant. Despite the hard labor and sweat, the covenant of hope and faith swells above man’s inequities. However, the author asserts that Goodman’s vision misinterpreted justification to favor many of the misled followers who are not keen on self-scrutiny. Johnson’s views are practical as far as personal beliefs are concern. The essay concentrates on establishing the reality as part of self examination. In the research topic, the concept of self discovery is essential in predicting and interpreting behavior of an individual or a group. Thus, this resource will form part of the literature review. The author has applied qualitative research when analyzing arguments and refers to different schools of thought before a conclusion. Korb, Rena. An overview of Young Goodman Brown,. Short Stories for Students. Detroit: Gale, 2002.Literature Resource Center. Web. Korb Rena’s article, ‘An overview of Young G oodman Brown,’ examines various themes in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† such as Puritanism, ambiguity, good and evil, and allegorical structure tales. Narrated in prose form, the author presents an accurate picture of the Puritan society. Besides, the article explores on the interesting traits of the main characters. Korb’s writing assumes a universal allegory as part of the analysis. The author explores the rich culture, essence of faith, and beliefs in godliness. This article is clear on plot and characterization. Korb acknowledge existence of loneliness and sadness in a dungeon of the heart suffering spiritual isolation.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This source is a summary of Hawthorne’s book. Thus, the article is relevant to my topic of research. It expounds on characterization of the cast accompanied by a simple plot. Korb’s informed conclusion facilitates understanding of the book. Besides, this article presents a quantitative analysis of Hawthorne’s book.

How maglev trains work

How maglev trains work Introduction Maglev trains or magnetic levitation trains were opened up for commercial transport in 1984 when they operated between Birmingham airport and the main railway. Britain was the first country to develop these trains, although other countries developed their sns and used them to transport mainly people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How maglev trains work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Maglev trains are based on the principle of electromagnetism to be levitated and propelled. The car has no contact with the rail, an advantage that affords them to move without friction, and therefore move at very high speeds of almost 500 kilometers per hour. The cars have no engines or any moving parts, though they need a lot of electricity to create the desired powerful electromagnets on the tracks. The basic principle that is applied in maglev trains is that of the magnetic like poles which repel while opposites attra ct. Working principle of maglev trains The trains have attached magnets that are very powerful to create a high density of magnetic field at the bottom. The tracks have electromagnetic magnetic field that repels this magnetic density on the bottom, and thus the car is propelled forward. These are the U-shaped guide way that has individual coils to which an alternating current is applied in order to create repulsion between magnets. It is the force that is created to achieve both goals, to propel the car and levite it vertically at the same time. The gap between the train and the trucks is about 2 and 3 cm for Indatruck models, or 1 cm for Transrapid Internatioanal model. Meissner effect is used to create bearings without the train coming into contact with the trucks. Thus, the train can climb steep hills or even ice-covered trucks without losing speed considerably. Efficiency is thus increased in this technology, although these trains tend to quite pricey compared to conventional tr ains (Blundell, 2009). Other developments introduced another set of coils in which alternating current passes to create electromagnets. Two sets of coils achieved the function of checking the lateral movement, while the other levitated the car. This is done by placing guidance magnets on the left side so that the train moves forward and does not hit the sides. â€Å"Transrapid international† or Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS) To create large magnetic fields, superconductors are used to produce stronger magnetic fields, although it was noted that these strong magnetic fields are produced by rare earth magnets, other than iron and ferrite. Neodymium-iron-boron is used to create the desired high magnetic field. The material used must be thick, have low resistivity and possess the ability to change fields quite fast. According to the author, the train is propelled forward after it is levitated by the repulsion of magnetic forces. The truck has several coils which use alternating current to change polarity at a high frequency. The change of polarity by the coils makes them propel forward. Vertical magnetic forces that provide levitation make the car to balance in suspension and is stabilized by the horizontal magnetic forces so that the car is centered and does not drift to any side.Advertising Looking for essay on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Gibilisco (2006), such an arrangement requires the acceleration and braking to be provided by linear motors and additional electromagnets to be in place in the track. Higher levitation speeds were achieved in the Japanese models by positioning upper and lower coils, such that they created field currents of figure of eight. This arrangement is called Halbach array whose main purpose is concentration of magnetic field above the car. While the lower coils produced repulsive forces for levitating the train, the lower coils provided the â€Å"push-pull effect† together with linear motors in the tracks which propel the car forward at higher. Indutrack models The train has other features that make it to be safe, given that some can reach high speeds of 522 km/h. Electric power is used to accelerate the train until full levitation is reached. The reason to use the superconductors, besides the high magnetic field potential, is that they can retain this field for some time even after power have failed. Power can fail, and modern maglev trains have auxiliary wheels that help them decelerate until they stop. Source: hk-phy.org/energy/transport/trans_phy/images/ems_maglev.gif Computers are used to monitor levitation distance to ensure the speeds and movements are safe so that in case of any anomaly, the train is automatically halted and corrective actions are taken. Some models have batteries for electricity back up in case power supply is interrupted. Conclusion There is really little difference bet ween the models of producing motion in the maglev trains, although depending on the arrangement of electromagnetic coils and force that is used to provide first acceleration, top speeds attainable can vary. For example, maglev trains that are based on Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS) use rubber wheels for the first 100 km/h after which coils are activated and move by levitation propulsion after which they can reach top speeds of 522 km/h.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How maglev trains work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More List of References Gibilisco, S. (2006). Alternative energy demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.

The top 5 education jobs for 2018

The top 5 education jobs for 2018 â€Å"I should teach† is the common refrain of people everywhere who are fed up with their jobs at any given moment, but actually taking steps toward making that switch takes a lot more than temporary frustration. Whether you’re already on an educational career path, trying to decide what comes next, or you’re one of those career changers who has decided to go ahead and commit to that change, we have some insight into some of the top educational job prospects in the next year. 1. Instructional coordinator/designerInstructional designers, also known as instructional coordinators, are educational professionals who work more behind the scenes. They’re not necessarily in the classroom, but rather work with schools, school districts, teachers, and educational companies to develop and oversee educational curriculums and teaching standards. Their job may include training teachers, reviewing and recommending textbooks, creating materials that align with how studen ts learn, working with new technology to develop comprehensive learning materials or programs, and instituting standards across disciplines or schools.With the growing emphasis on curriculum standards and using technology in the classrooms, this is a field that is expected to grow faster than average over the next 10 years.What you’ll need: This is a pretty specialized field, and most instructional coordinators have a master’s degree, as well as past experience working as a teacher or a school administrator. Some states require that these coordinators have a license if they work in public schools, so be sure to confirm your own state’s requirements.What it pays: According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), instructional coordinators make a median annual salary of $62,460 per year, or $30.03 per hour.2. High school teacherTeaching high school is not for the faint of heart. It requires a strong degree of familiarity with a subject and the ability to con nect with teenagers in an educationally meaningful way. But if you’re up to the task of dealing with the nation’s 16-year-olds, there’s always a huge demand for secondary school teachers.High school teachers typically have a specialty (like English, history, or math), and may teach different academic levels within that specialty. The job is heavy on classroom management, with a high volume of students, because the teacher may have a significant courseload. Most high schools keep regular hours (early morning until mid-afternoon), but teachers might also have to put time in during evenings and weekends to prepare for the days ahead. The good news is that you’ll likely have summers off.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree, preferably in the education field. All states also require that public high school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school be sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for cert ification.What it pays: According to the BLS, high school teachers make a median annual salary of $58,030 per year.For more on how to snag teaching jobs:A Beginner’s Guide on How to Become a Teacher3. Elementary school teacherIf you’re interested in the classroom but are more interested in teaching a younger set of students, qualified elementary school teachers are also in high demand. Early childhood educators are responsible for the teaching and well-being of students ranging from kindergarten (or in some schools, pre-kindergarten) through fifth or sixth grade. They are often general specialists, and teach students a range of basic subjects like math, reading, writing, science, history/social studies to get them ready for the next grade. Because students are younger, there are often basic life skills taught as part of the classroom experience.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree in early childhood education. Each state also requires that public school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school make sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for certification.  What it pays: According to the BLS, elementary school teachers make a median annual salary of $55,490 per year.For more on how to snag elementary school teaching jobs:How to Become a Kindergarten Teacher4. ParaprofessionalIf you’re interested in a career in education but don’t have an education-specific degree, becoming a paraprofessional can be a great first step. Paraprofessionals, sometimes called teacher’s aides, are educational professionals who assist teachers in the classroom. Duties may include teaching lessons, helping with classroom behavior management, taking attendance, monitoring students during activities, helping with grading, or working directly with students who need help. Paraprofessionals can be found in elementary schools, secondary schools, or daycare facilities.What you’ll need: A high school degree is usually the main educational requirement, but it helps to have completed some college courses or an Associate’s degree, particularly in education. Each state and school district has its own rules for paraprofessional certification, so you should see what your state requires. Many states and schools require that paraprofessionals take a standardized test to certify that these educators meet a minimum standard.  Ã‚  Ã‚   What it pays: According to the BLS, paraprofessionals make a median annual salary of $25,410 per year. This can vary based on experience, and whether the paraprofessional chooses to specialize in a particular teaching area (like special education).For more on how to snag paraprofessional jobs:How to Become a Paraprofessional5. STEM TeacherTeachers who specialize in the STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) have a hugely bright future, as more and more school systems look to prepare students for an increasingly digital world. This is a specialty, usually taught on the high school level, where teachers prepare students for further study in engineering or the sciences. STEM teachers plan lessons, develop activities, integrate technology, and use current technology and science concepts in the classroom.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree in the sciences or engineering. You may also need a bachelor’s degree or higher in education, as well. Each state also requires that public school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school make sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for certification.What it pays: According to the BLS, these specialized STEM teachers make a median annual salary of $107,490 per year.If you’re considering an educational career path, it’s hard to think of a field that can be more fulfilling. If you’ve thought it over and have decided to set your career path in (or near) the classroom, th ere are a number of paths you can take to take advantage of the current trends in education. Wherever you choose to go, a focus on technology will always bring you to the most promising opportunities in today’s teaching world. Good luck!

Plan an effective IT infrastructure based on the needs of an Essay

Plan an effective IT infrastructure based on the needs of an organization - Essay Example Despite their growing popularity, cable companies have encountered huge costs of replacing their local loop cables with fiber optic cables to attain high bandwidths. There only demerit is its decreased throughput resulting from concentrated connections within a geographical area. Unlike other connections, cable companies use DOCSI v3 specifications. T-1 and T-3 are a form of leased line connection capable of attaining a data and voice speed of 1.5Mbps and 45Mbps respectively. The difference in speeds translates to a drastic cost implication for the latter. As compared to other forms of internet connection, leased line service are generally more expensive. The only advantage over other networks is its ability to provide permanent and active data connection without the need for dial up services. In addition, T-1 networks can be customized. With a 24 individual telephone and data line at 56kps, it provides a flexible data rate as per the user needs. Dial up connections require a telephone line to establish a server connection. A â€Å"dial up†number provides a link that initiates the connection process. It is the cheapest of all the services. However, the speed and stability provides a challenge. With a maximum speed of 56Kps it lags behind compared to other technologies. An improvement of the dial up connection resulted in ISDN. ISDN uses a circuit switch and a dedicated line. ISDN allows parallel data and telephone transmission (Laan, 2011). Frame relay, just like ATM provides high speed, packet-switched service for sending data between two local or long-distant regions. Both are layer 2 protocal meaning that they can be used in a twisted pair and fiber optic cable. However ATM differ from frame relay in a number of ways. ATM incorporates a mechanism where data is sent in a small 53-byte packages referred to as cells. This splitting of cells into small packages promotes efficient data

Persuasive synthesis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Persuasive synthesis - Research Paper Example However, it is possible to treat and cure cancer when discovered during its early stages through chemotherapy. This scientific process uses radioactive rays to kill the cancerous tumors that form part of the cancer. There are several types of cancer; these include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and vaginal cancer. Nowadays cancer has become the most deadly disease in the world, attributed to causing deaths of several notable figures in the world, e.g. Steve Jobs, founder and CEO of Apple Company. The relatives of these people suffer from various challenges. This is because the thought of their suffering relative really paints a negative impact in their physical, emotional, and mental status, thereby causing them a lot of pain (Ronda, Talley, McCorkle and Baile). The patient requires total attention from their relatives. This is because the cancerous cells usually eat up his body and mind leaving him weak both physically and psychologically. Therefore, the relatives have to come around to fill this void by being there for their sick relative. They have to spend a lot of time attending to them. This means they must shelve all their other engagements in order to be with the patient at the hour of need. This is in itself suffering because it denies them an opportunity to pursue other matters. In addition to being there for the patients, the relatives may sometimes lack sleep because they have to stay awake to keep the Patient Company especially if they have no sleep due to extreme pain or extreme depression. (Ronda, Talley, McCorkle and Baile). Furthermore, since they cannot nurse their patient away from home, they have to complete all scheduled work outside their homes. This is to allow them ample time to attend to the patient when they get back home. The emotional pain they encounter comes from their desire to satisfy the patient, who in most cases has lost all the hope in life. They have to make him feel important and loved so that they can give

Is Thrasymachus and Hobbes right to see human nature in such stark Essay

Is Thrasymachus and Hobbes right to see human nature in such stark terms, or is Socrates right to see justice as something good in and of itself - Essay Example The researcher states that prior to deciding who the righteous intellectual is regarding claims made either for human nature or justice, one might as well begin to consider deliberating upon how each perspective is delivered and which basis or grounds satisfy the premises established. Through Plato’s â€Å"The Republic†, a significant part of Socratic philosophy may be said to have been conveyed since Plato himself is subject to the tutelage and influence of Socrates in their period. Though Plato presents a rather limited scope of democracy in dealing with liberty and nature of man, his concern for justice and resolving to define such virtue with Socrates in the light that favors human psyche instead of a perceived behavior is remarkable. On the other hand, Thomas Hobbes and Thrasymachus share a nearly common insight whereby Hobbes proposes via â€Å"Leviathan† that man, by nature, is free the logic of which is based upon natural rights whereas Thrasymachus confe rs to defend the opposite side of justice and takes man’s freedom to agree with matters that are only advantageous to men regardless of whether or not justice is at work. Hobbes thinks â€Å"each man has the liberty to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own nature; that is to say, of his own life; and judgment, and reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means that each man has a will power to do whatever he thinks can preserve his own life and consequently to do anything which he thinks is right.† ... To Hobbes, until the man possesses the natural right to everything, he cannot be secured no matter how strong or wise he can be, in order to keep on living according to man’s life expectancy. Likewise, Thrasymachus promotes the Sophist challenge of arguing that ‘justice is nothing but the advantage of the stronger’ and this originates from the primary belief in objective truth among the Sophists such as himself, who further accounts for the objective moral truth that does not acknowledge the fact with â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† in absolute degree. For Thrasymachus, all actions are neither right nor wrong but are ought to be figured as either coming with or without advantage to the person who executes them. Like the rest of the Sophists, he supports the idea that an individual must gain involvement only with deeds that return advantage and avoid those whose results are otherwise obtained in unpleasant disadvantage. In the similar manner, Hobbes entr eats his own approach of the issue with a precept or general rule of reason stating â€Å"that every man, ought to endeavor peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek, and use, all helps, and advantages of war.† The first branch of this rule states the fundamental law of nature which is to seek peace and follow it while the second branch pertains to the sum of the right of nature which assumes by all means we can, to defend ourselves. This second law is derived from the fundamental law of nature by which men are commanded to endeavor peace, rationalizing â€Å"that a man be willing when others are so too, as far forth, as for peace and defense of himself

Healthcare Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthcare Programs - Essay Example TRICARE represents the healthcare program utilizing military healthcare systems as the main providers. This program is funded and supported through civilian providers and facilities, and includes provision of healthcare services to military personnel and their families of the USA, past or presently active. The introduction of tricare was primarily a strategy in the eighties and the nineties, in response to the increased healthcare costs in the USA, as well as the changes in the modernization trends. Tricare was perceived to be a feasible and economic way to save costs while improving access and choice to healthcare services. The development of TRICARE has expanded significantly, and has now come to be a part of 40% of the USA hospitals. Increasingly high numbers of healthcare personnel and providers now form a part of the TRICARE provision team. (Carrato, 2003) The effectiveness of Tricare is very evident if comparing to other healthcare systems such as CHAMPVA. The differences run from basic infrastructures of the plans. While TRICARE, formerly CHAMPUS, is a medical insurance program carried out by the department of defense, CHAMPVA is run through VA. The members differ with regards to their status as retired or non retired from military services, tricare being entertaining to the retired personnel. CHAMPVA restricts itself to those who are either 100% disabled personnel, or either dead. This does not to be so for tricare patients. CHAMPVA does not entertain veterans, which forms a large part of the tricare members. Also, CHAMPVA has rules about access and obtaining of prescriptions. The above mentioned differences help to understand some of the key differences that make tricare a much superior healthcare program over others. (Tricare for life, 2001) Tricare has many services at its disposal, which are both comprehensive as well as targeted in their approach to diseases. The triple option benefit in the system allows the enrollment of many people with a wide range of healthcare services. Now it has become active in the advanced medical areas of cancers, along with including age old programs of immunizations etc. The scope of tricare therefore is very vast, with much promise of improvement. Tricare gives these services through a range of programs, which include the Prime Preventive Services, the Pharmacy Program, and Dental Coverage etc. Tricare has proven its worth through its impressive reports of its performances. Perhaps the most demonstrative of Tricare's effectiveness is looking at the claims processing capacity and the speed with which these are carried out. Around 755 of the claims are addressed within 21 days of being placed, an impressive statement of the quality and the efficiency of Tricare. (Bailey, 1999) With the pr ojected increase of health costs by7.3% by the year 2011, Tricare's potential role in reducing these costs is highly promising. (Carrato, 2003) One of the proof that tricare has shown constant delivery with respect to healthcare is its successful maintenance of its enrollment fee. The active duty members have almost no costs for care, which is provided in the military settings. Pay for a service is very high

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 9

Business law - Essay Example This piece of research work is an attempt to analyze the changes brought by Human Rights Act in English law. This paper discusses the influences of Human Rights Act on business environment based on sources of English law and European Court of Human Right cases. Chandler and Waud (2003) stated that The Human Rights Act 1998 gives ‘further effect’ to the rights and freedom that are guaranteed to all citizens by European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom. More specifically, it doesn’t form or create any new statutory or law rights. It imposes duties on public authorities to act in any possible way that is compatible with Convention right (p. 419). The Human rights Act also imposes duty on tribunal to consider any relevant decision or advisory opinion of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) when determining issues in connection with convention right. According to the Act, it is unlawful for any public body to act in any way which is not compatible with Convention rights. The Act also requires UK judges to consider decisions of the Strasbourg court and also to consider legislation as long as it is compatible with Convention Rights. The Human Rights Act is applicable to all public bodies in the United Kingdom like central government and local authorities. It has greater influence on private law legislation as well. The Human Rights Act places duties on all courts and tribunals within the United Kingdom in order to interpret legislation in way that is compatible with ECHR. Whenever it is not possible to interpret an act in accordance with Convention, a declaration of the same must be issued by the court under section 4 and it must state how the legislation breaches human rights. It is illegal for a public authority to act in a way that contravene convention right and therefore public authority includes any other person who functions in functions of a public nature. Betten (1999) emphasizes that the passing of Human

Q and answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Q and answers - Essay Example These distinctive enzymes function in different ways. Answer: Insulin does not play a role in the uptake of glucose in the liver but it has other effects. It increases the synthesis of fatty acids, glycogen and protein synthesis. On the other hand it decreases gycogenolysis and the formation of ketone bodies by the liver. Answer: The digestion of lipids starts in the mouth where it is acted upon by lingual lipase. In the stomach the action of gastric lipase begins. These two lipases are not great contributors in the digestion of lipids and they act mainly on short to medium chain fatty acids which include the milk fats. Small intestine is the main site where lipid digestion takes place. This occurs with the help of pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2 and cholesterol esterase. The bile salts also play a role in digestion by emulsification which is the breakdown of large fat droplets in to small ones so that the enzymes have a larger surface area to carry out their function. Answer: Transport of glucose in the small intestine is associated with sodium ions. The sodium ions and glucose share the same transporter and the transport of glucose occurs by cotransport with sodium and is referred to as secondary active transport. The concentration of the sodium in the intestinal cells is low. This causes the movement of sodium in the cells and hence the movement of glucose as it is transported with the sodium ions. The glucose is then moved across the interstitium into the capillaries whereas the sodium ions move into intercellular spaces. The provision of energy for this process is indirect by the active transport of sodium out of the cell. This is the reason why this transport of glucose is referred to as secondary active

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 9

Business law - Essay Example This piece of research work is an attempt to analyze the changes brought by Human Rights Act in English law. This paper discusses the influences of Human Rights Act on business environment based on sources of English law and European Court of Human Right cases. Chandler and Waud (2003) stated that The Human Rights Act 1998 gives ‘further effect’ to the rights and freedom that are guaranteed to all citizens by European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom. More specifically, it doesn’t form or create any new statutory or law rights. It imposes duties on public authorities to act in any possible way that is compatible with Convention right (p. 419). The Human rights Act also imposes duty on tribunal to consider any relevant decision or advisory opinion of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) when determining issues in connection with convention right. According to the Act, it is unlawful for any public body to act in any way which is not compatible with Convention rights. The Act also requires UK judges to consider decisions of the Strasbourg court and also to consider legislation as long as it is compatible with Convention Rights. The Human Rights Act is applicable to all public bodies in the United Kingdom like central government and local authorities. It has greater influence on private law legislation as well. The Human Rights Act places duties on all courts and tribunals within the United Kingdom in order to interpret legislation in way that is compatible with ECHR. Whenever it is not possible to interpret an act in accordance with Convention, a declaration of the same must be issued by the court under section 4 and it must state how the legislation breaches human rights. It is illegal for a public authority to act in a way that contravene convention right and therefore public authority includes any other person who functions in functions of a public nature. Betten (1999) emphasizes that the passing of Human

Scientific Management by Federick Taylor Essay Example for Free

Scientific Management by Federick Taylor Essay Federick W. Taylor, considered the father of scientific management published his work, The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911 has been instrumental in revolutionising management thought. He promoted the process of scientifically studying work to increase worker and organisational efficiency. His principles contributed to a variety of management practices involving specialisation, assembly production, division of work, work incentives and management control. The development of machine-tools reach a point marking thr beginning of today large scale production line in factory more tan hundred years ago. The commencement of mass factory production was fundamentally influenced by Federick Talyor. His scientific management concept shaped for good all the features of industry and Talyor is the inaugurator and father of, as well as chief worker in, the movement to impart excellence to management by viewing it as an art base on scientific principles. universal in scope, his work long since has penetrated to every country and that in these establishment ther saw some degree of influnce by his scientific principles. In our global economy, efficient businesses will be rewarded with profit as Federick Taylor advocated in his concept of Scientific Management. In a global economy, there is simply no places for inefficiency to hide wrote Hamel in The Utimate Business Library and You have to believe that Federick Winslow Taylor would have loved Wal-Mart,Sony or Federal Express modern icon of efficiency More than 100 years has passed yet his principles in scientific management is still relevant in many sectors of business today. One example is the fast food restaurant, likened to little factory, with a manager who overseas and control the workers, sales, inventory and supply, everything to keep the shop running efficiently as Talyors wishes. Much of Taylors ideas were adapted in the operation of the assembly line and many of Ford Motor companys operations in the assembling of motor vehicles in early 1910. This was when Ford Motor mass produced cars. However the application of Taylors concept into management practices was met with resistant opposition from workers and their unions, as workers had to work very much faster in Taylors Scientific Management style. Union leader resented Taylors ways and claimed workers were mistreated in his focus towards efficiency. Yet others will find Taylors ideas applaudable up to today. Schachter(2007) found Taylors style still practice in many governrment agencies where proposal of public sector efficiency was similiar with Taylors approach.

Attitudes Towards Help Seeking Behaviour In Individuals Psychology Essay

Attitudes Towards Help Seeking Behaviour In Individuals Psychology Essay A questionnaire survey was conducted among the participants the Victoria University Students chose to determine whether attitudes towards seeking professional help changed when focusing upon certain situational variables. The 697 participants in this study each completed a questionnaire which evaluated on a 3 point scale their current attitude towards seeking professional counselling services, whether help had been obtained and their future intentions in seeking help. The study specifically focused on two age groups, 18-25 and 55+. Results indicated that females are more likely than males to have positive attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help. Also, consistent with the hypotheses, results also supported that younger adults will have a more positive attitude towards seeking seek than older adults and those with prior experience towards seeking professional help can influence an individuals future intentions on seeking help. This study attempts to focus upon the sit uational variables and avoidance factors that may influence attitudes towards seeking professional help. In a society with improved living standards and better access to healthcare, there is still a growing prevalence of men and women that display certain characteristics in their attitudes towards seeking professional counselling services. It is these people that seem to inhibit themselves from reaching out for beneficial services on a range of mental health issues and circumstances that need attention. Research psychologists and counsellors have reported that there are quite a number of factors and situational variables such as age, gender and prior experience that influence an individuals attitude on whether to seek professional help and the reluctance one holds attending such services. It is understood that when one experiences psychological distress, only after they have attempted to resolve their issues and failed will they endeavour to seek counselling or psychotherapy services. (Larson, et al., 2007) Help seeking can be generally defined as the specific behaviour an individual will exhibit when actively seeking help from certain people. Help seeking is a form of coping that opens the doors for communication with other people to gain advice, support and understanding on concerning issues that an individual will attempt to resolve. Counsellors have identified a number of avoidance factors that seem to directly influence an individuals pursuit in seeking help. Also identified are situational variables that impact the probability of an individuals reluctance to seek guidance such as sex/gender, race/ethnicity, treatment setting/treatment issue (Larson, et al., 2007) however, for the purpose of this report, sex/gender, age and prior experience will be focused upon and thoroughly discussed. The act of seeking professional help can come with many barriers and avoidance issues that seem to gain in intensity when an individual approaches the decision to seek such help. Larson, 2007 has summarised and interpreted the avoidance factors that are accepted by the mental health literature in the attitudes towards help seeking behaviours which include, social stigma (Komiya, Good, Sherrod, 2000), treatment fears (Deane Todd, 1996; Kushner Sher, 1989), fear of emotion (Komiya et al., 2000), anticipated utility and risks (Vogel Wester, 2003; Vogel, Wester, Wei, Boysen, 2005), and self-disclosure (Hinson Swanson, 1993; Vogel Wester, 2003) By identifying the above factors, it serves to be a useful function to counsellors that enables them to establish the potential barriers and reluctance towards help seeking. The attitudes and views held by an individual on help seeking are absolutely crucial and fundamental to their mental health and wellbeing. There is increasing awareness from professional and authoritarian bodies that encourages individuals to recognize the signs for help and to seek services from appropriate sources. Reluctance and attitudes towards seeking help will continue to be an obstacle unless counsellors and other professionals highlight and emphasise the importance of how vital it is to seek help when required. It is hypothesised that women have a more positive attitude towards seeking professional help than men. It is also hypothesised that younger adults will have a more positive attitude towards seeking seek than older adults. Finally, it is hypothesised that prior experience towards seeking professional help can influence an individuals future intentions on seeking help. There is growing research and evidence that suggests that the gender of an individual seems to have a correlative link in regards to attitudes towards help seeking. (Larson, et al., 2007) Many studies have concluded that men are more likely to seek professional counselling or psychological support for quite severe psychiatric conditions, (Leaf Bruce, 1987) whilst women are believed to have a more optimistic view in seeking help and are more inclined to seek help than men. (Fischer Farina,1995). It is worth mentioning that studies have also expressed that due to the stereotypes placed upon genders and their role within society, it has a direct impact in the attitudes of seeking help. Using the male gender as an example, a preconceived and stereotypical notion of men would suggest that they have a tough interior and succumbing to the thought that professional intervention may be required, can result in feelings of embarrassment and a sign of weakness as they must accept defeat. (Addi s Mahalik, 2003) Another preconceived notion held by society proposes that once all prior attempts at resolving issues have been exhausted, only in this instance is professional help ought to be sought after. (Angermeyer, Matschinger, Riedel-Heller, 1999) Holding such mentalities may bring the onset of social stigma associated with help seeking behaviours which can ultimately further increase an individuals reluctance in their search for resolutions. This is quite evident in a study that showed that men were more likely to place less important issues aside because of the increased social stigma involved. (Timlin-Scalera, Ponterotto, Blumberg, Jackson, 2003). It is clearly evident that the above findings support the hypothesis that women are more likely to have a positive attitude towards seeking professional help than men. Despite the results suggesting gender can play a direct role in attitude perceptions, studies of certain age ranges of males and females were also measured to investigate a possible correlation if age influences an individuals attitudes towards seeking help. Only a limited amount of research has been conducted investigating the possibility if age seems to play a role in the attitudes towards seeking professional help across different age spans. From the minimal demographic research findings that are available, studies have often used the specific views and attitudes of college educated students who range in 20 years of age and have found that this sample of people are more inclined to show positive attitudes towards seeking help and are more likely to attend services when being compared to individuals of similar age, with no college education and an older age range (Vessey Howard, 1993). Researches are also quite interested in the attitude perceptions of help seeking behaviours of adolescents and have found that despite counselling services being openly available to the majority of adolescents, there are a number of factors that will influence their intentions of doing so. (Boldero Fallon, 1995) Quite interestingly, with results simila r pertaining to that of adolescents, individuals who ranged 65 years of age or older were also found that in spite of professional assistance being easily accessible, an unwillingness was show in taking advantage of the offered services. (Andrews et al.,2001; Veroff, 1981) An interpretation of this finding can suggest that as a result of the increasing attitude perception of avoidance factors, reluctance can be expected. Due to a lack of basic education, individuals in this age range are not aware in recognizing the signs of when assistance is required for mental issues (Hasin Link, 1988) and as a result, individuals in this group were more likely to consult with general medical doctors relating their distress being linked to physical problems. (Leaf, Bruce, Tischler, Holzer, 1987) When comparing both age ranges, those 65 years or older were reported to have increasingly higher negative attitudes towards seeking professional help and counselling services. (Allen,Walker, Shergill, Dath, Katona, 1998). In lieu of the overall findings, the evidence and results clearly support the hypothesis however, age alone doesnt indicate overall attitudes towards help seeking. The decision process in which an individual comes to the conclusion that seeking assistance on mental issues has been characterised as a quite complex behaviour and not very straight forward. There are several factors that seem to intervene and delay the onset of progressing further in seeking help. Prior experience in seeking help and treatment is considered to play a major influence on the attitudes and intentions of individuals seeking such services or further increasing their reluctance to treatment. One of the most significant barriers to seeking professional treatment comes under the avoidance factor of social stigma. (Sibicky Dovidio, 1986; Stefl Prosperi, 1985). Social stigma is defined as the fear that others will judge a person negatively if she or he sought help for a problem. (Deane Chamberlain, 1994). Due to this preconceived idea, the fear of negative judgement from others deters an individuals attempt in help seeking (Overbeck, 1977). Studies investigating the relat ionship between help seeking behaviours and social stigma have concluded not only does social stigma predict ones attitude in seeking treatment, it may also directly affect their future intentions of counselling services. (Deane Chamberlain, 1994). An experiment conducted by Victoria University in the form of a questionnaire measured participants attitudes towards help seeking behaviours and their likely hood on future intentions to attend counselling services. The questionnaire specified and evaluated on a 3 point scale their current attitude towards seeking professional counselling services, whether help had been obtained and their future intentions in seeking help. Method Participants The 697 participants in this study consisted of males and females that were not related to the administers of the questionnaires. Of the two genders, there were 348 males and 349 females with ages ranging from 18 to 55+ years old. The study specifically focused two age groups, 18-25 and 55+. The younger age groups of 18-25 had a mean age of 20.59 (SD= 2.9) and 55+ older age group had a mean age of 60.70 (SD=6.62). The two age groups both consisted of subgroups comprising of younger males and females, and older males and females. The younger age group, 18-25, had 180 males with a mean of 20.70 (SD=2.23) and 185 females with a mean of 20.49 (SD=2.15). The older age group, 55+, had 168 males with the mean average of 61.34 (SD=7.25) and 164 females which had a mean age of 60.04 (SD=5.89) 50.1% of participants were born in Australia, 7.0% were born in Europe, 4.2% in Asia, 1.6% in Africa, 1.0% in North America and 34.4% participants did not indicate country of birth. Participation for thi s study was voluntary. Materials A questionnaire survey measuring the attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help was the selected medium. The questionnaire was designed to measure the responses of participants attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help. The survey consisted of a series of 10 questions all relating to personal attitudes regarding seeking psychological counselling services. Participants were instructed to rate the strength of their agreement to the questions or statement on a scale from 0 (completely disagree) to 3 (completely agree). Scores for each attitude topic could theoretically range from 0 (being the lowest possible score) to 30 (being the maximum possible score.) A demographic data section was also included in the survey to collect information regarding gender, age, nationality, occupation, country of birth and previous counselling experience. Procedure All students received four copies of the survey questionnaire. They were instructed to recruit 4 participants from the following age ranges of 18-25 and 55+. Chosen participants had to be of strict criteria, one male of 18-25 years old, one female of 18-25 years, one older male of 55+ and one older female of 55+ and must not be related. Participants were instructed to complete the questionnaires and hand them to the students to bring them along to the next designated class. The questionnaires were collected and randomly given to the lecturer. The course lecturer scored and analysed the data using descriptive statistics. Results The statistical data analysed from the questionnaires proved that all the hypotheses were supported. Data for gender and age were pooled and results are presented for the combined presentation. As seen below on table 1, results indicate that younger males scored higher than older males on their attitudes towards seeking help with a total mean score of 15.12 (5.58). On the other hand, consistent the hypothesis, females scored much better than males on their attitudes towards seeking professional help with a total means score of 17.17 (4.77). Table 1 Age and Gender: The influence on age and gender on the attitudes towards seeking professional help MALES FEMALES TOTAL Younger 18 30 15.59 17.2 16.41 (5.16) (4.37) (4.83) Older 55+ 14.59 18.09 16.32 (5.88) (5.16) (5.85) Total 15.12 17.16 (5.58) (4.77) Note: All numbers in brackets are standard deviations. FIGURE 1: Prior Counselling History Results Results have indicated that those with little counselling experience had a total mean average of 15.4 (5.16). Those with little counselling experience have a total mean average of 17.92 (4.90) and those with a lot of counselling experience had a total mean average of 20.23 (5.27). Consistent with the hypothesis, those who had previous counselling experience were more likely to have positive attitudes towards seeking help in the future and attend future services. Discussion As expected, the questionnaire survey confirmed that females are more likely than males to have positive attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help. Consistent with the hypotheses, results also supported that younger adults will have a more positive attitude towards seeking seek than older adults and those with prior experience towards seeking professional help can influence an individuals future intentions on seeking help. The results clearly indicate that there are certain avoidance factors such as social stigma and any preconceived ideas to why the attitudes of men in seeking help have scored lower than that of women. Findings have found that women are believed to have a more optimistic view in seeking help and are more inclined to seek help than men (Fischer Farina,1995) because men have been reported to only seek help for quite severe psychiatric conditions. (Leaf Bruce, 1987) Certain age ranges seem to have a link to the degree in which younger and older generations attitude differ in their efforts towards seeking help. It was reported that college educated students who range in 20 years of age are more inclined to show positive attitudes towards seeking help and are more likely to attend services when being compared to individuals of similar age, with no college education and an older age range. An explanation of this could be due to the exposure of college environment and a growing emphasis of the importance of psychological and counselling services (Vessey Howard, 1993). Older adults not aware in recognizing the signs of when assistance is required for mental issues (Hasin Link, 1988) and as a result, individuals in this group were more likely to have negative attitudes towards seeking help. One of the most significant barriers to seeking professional treatment comes under the avoidance factor of social stigma. Due to this preconceived idea, prior experience in seeking help and treatment can be jeopardised because of fear of negative judgement from others which can sometimes deters an individuals attempt and their attitude in seeking professional help. Due to the samples being limited to those participants students chose, findings may not apply to other cultural background and also, only two age ranges were focused upon, 18-25 and 55+, in order to gain a better perspective into people attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help, an unrestricted view across the age spectrum would greatly influence the results. Moreover, although the results were approached from the perspective that certain situational variables and avoidance factors may influence people attitudes towards professional help, it can be argued that peoples attitudes towards seeking therapy themselves influence their reluctance in actually attending such services. Directions for future exploration can include incorporating larger cultural backgrounds to gain a better understanding of different attitudes towards seeking help from a larger population. It would also be beneficial to have an unrestricted view of all ages across the spectrum to see if the attitudes towards seeking help discriminate against only certain ages or if they remain consistent throughout all ages. Finally, an investigation into all the potential variables that may influence attitudes towards seeking professional therapy should be considered to determine their potential relation with those attitudes. Overall, results from the study reveal that attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help can change depending on situational variables such as gender, age and prior counselling experience. It should be noted that situational variables seem to influence the attitudes of individuals only to a certain extent, avoidance factors such as social stigma and any preconceived notions can also greatly influence people attitudes towards seeking professional help. Further research should be conducted that incorporates and measures all the known situational variables and avoidance factors and see how the results vary from the present studies accessible now.

Anorexia Nervosa :: essays research papers

Self-Image: Anerexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by a lack of self-esteem, an intense fear of becoming obese, and self-induced starvation due to a distorted body image (Durham, 1991). Anorexia can occur later in life, but it is most common in girls between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. According to the Center for Change, recent estimates suggest that 1% of Americans within this age range will, to some degree, develop anorexia and 10-20% will eventually die from related complications. I have experienced this deteriorating disease from a bystander’s point of view. After making a pact with my friends to get physically fit for the summer, the four of us exercised and dieted daily for nearly four months. I never thought that this effort to become healthy (or just look good in our bikinis) would have such dire consequences. While everyone ended this exhaustive diet plan, one of my friends became obsessed with her body image and without our knowledge, gradually developed the eating disorder anorexia nervosa. She went unnoticed for several months because she masterfully disguised her eating habits by consuming large quantities of fruit, vegetables, and salads in our presence while secretly fasting at home. Moreover, in spite of her attitude toward eating, she took an avid interest in buying and preparing food for us. Looking back, I think that we were all anorexic to some degree. Personally, I was 16 years old, 5’7 and only weighed about 105 pounds. If I ha d lost a couple more pounds, I would have been 25% below my normal body weight, which would be enough to also diagnose me with anorexia nervosa (Shaw, 2002). The majority of people who suffer from anorexia begin, as we did, with an innocent diet that gradually progressed to extreme and unhealthy weight loss (Shaw, 2002). Unlike normal dieting which stops when the desired weight is reached, people who become anorexic atribute positive feelings to their ability to control their weight and become dangerously preoccupied with food and fear weight gain. Research suggests that stringent dieting can play a key role in triggering eating disorders. Adolescent and young adult women are more vulnerable to these disorders due to their tendency to go on strict diets in order to achieve an â€Å"ideal† figure (Lehrman, 1987). Even thought the cause of anorexia nervosa is not known several different studies suggest that social attitudes toward body appearance, family influences, genetics, and developmental factors are possible contributors to anorexia (Selzman, 1999).

The Death of Socrates :: Ancient Greece Greek History

The Death of Socrates "Crito, you and other people who claimed to be friends to Socrates are all useless! How could you have been so cowardly, or lazy, or stingy, as to allow you 'friend' to die? Surely, with a little courage, energy, and money, you could have saved him." Those are strong accusations coming from someone who obviously did not know Socrates as well as his other students or me. Although, I expected that people would react this way to my actions, or lack of actions, regarding Socrates death. For Socrates, being executed was the only option available to him. Of course we, his friends, could have helped him to escape, but what would that prove? It would only go against everything that Socrates has taught us. It would also defy everything that Socrates stood for in life. Escaping punishment, would have been an unjust and cowardly act for him. Disobeying the law would set a bad example for his fellow citizens. In addition, it would ruin his reputation for being just and following the laws of the government. Socrates believed that, although he was wrongfully accused, he was given a fair trial through the eyes of the law. The fact that he was given a fair trial means that he was given a fair punishment. If this punishment is not carried out, justice will not be served. Escaping punishment would cause a conflict between his teachings and his actions. This would eradicate the moral reputation that Socrates had built for himself throughout his life. The question he would have asked himself would have been, "What kind of example would I be setting if I dishonored my own teachings?" He saw his punishment as a contract between he and the government, and he firmly believed that agreements should not be broken. This is the same government that allowed him to live life as he chose, so why harm an institution that benefited him? The Death of Socrates :: Ancient Greece Greek History The Death of Socrates "Crito, you and other people who claimed to be friends to Socrates are all useless! How could you have been so cowardly, or lazy, or stingy, as to allow you 'friend' to die? Surely, with a little courage, energy, and money, you could have saved him." Those are strong accusations coming from someone who obviously did not know Socrates as well as his other students or me. Although, I expected that people would react this way to my actions, or lack of actions, regarding Socrates death. For Socrates, being executed was the only option available to him. Of course we, his friends, could have helped him to escape, but what would that prove? It would only go against everything that Socrates has taught us. It would also defy everything that Socrates stood for in life. Escaping punishment, would have been an unjust and cowardly act for him. Disobeying the law would set a bad example for his fellow citizens. In addition, it would ruin his reputation for being just and following the laws of the government. Socrates believed that, although he was wrongfully accused, he was given a fair trial through the eyes of the law. The fact that he was given a fair trial means that he was given a fair punishment. If this punishment is not carried out, justice will not be served. Escaping punishment would cause a conflict between his teachings and his actions. This would eradicate the moral reputation that Socrates had built for himself throughout his life. The question he would have asked himself would have been, "What kind of example would I be setting if I dishonored my own teachings?" He saw his punishment as a contract between he and the government, and he firmly believed that agreements should not be broken. This is the same government that allowed him to live life as he chose, so why harm an institution that benefited him?

Masuji Ibuse and “Black Rain”

Japan has a very rich history as well as a very rich culture. It was home to famous artists and poets, which gets their inspiration from whatever is happening in the country. One of these writers is Ibuse Masuji, who was the writer of the 1965 masterpiece, Kuroi Ame or â€Å"Black Rain.† The inspiration of this is the previous bombing of Hiroshima, where black rain refers to the radioactive â€Å"rain† that spread out to the people in the area. Ibuse Masuji came from a family of independent farmers, born as the second of a landowner in Hiroshima, Japan. Ibuse spent his young years in the countryside, in a small village called Kamo in the east of Hiroshima Prefecture. When he became 19, started going to Waseda University in Tokyo, where he had his fill of the ideas from brilliant minds of history, most especially regarding surrealism and Marxism. The specialty which he took in college was on French literature, but his interests were more on the works of Russians like Tolstoy and Chekov (â€Å"Masuji Ibuse,† 2002). But because of an unwanted incident where Masuji Ibuse was sexually harassed by a gay professor, he was forced to quit school. His writings surfaced in the early 1920’s, but his works were not recognized until the late 1920s with the positive feedback given by an influential modern critic named Kobayashi Hideo. Because of this, people noticed Masuji Ibuse’s works, wherein he later gained a large following due to people’s admirations. Despite his emergence as one of the new modern writers, he chose to take the path of traditional techniques which is known to his place of origin. His techniques were more on the first person aspect where he used the subjective â€Å"I-novel† mode of Japan. This technique is characterized by having a narrator and author in one. Southern Japan’s countryside inspired him to come up with his short story, â€Å"Koi† which marked his traditional techniques. Ibuse’s pre-war works showed his wry humor as an artists, as well as having characters which are psychologically sharp yet sympathetic villagers, peasants, doctors, farmers and other unchanging people. This is the distinguishing trait of Ibuse’s style when he writes. When the World War II broke out, Masuji Ibuse led a different life. He served in the propaganda units, which has also inspired him to write about Japanese propagandists. He was able to look at life differently because of all the wars. War’s cruelty served as a new inspiration for his writings. One of his great creations which emerged from this aspect was â€Å"Black Rain,† which shows his take on the fateful events caused by the Hiroshima bombings, making it as one of the best Japanese novels known to the world. The novel Black Rain chronicled various stories of the hibakusha or the survivors of the Japanese atom bomb (The Hiroshima Project, 2007). It showed their struggles for acceptance, and their sufferings from discrimination and social isolation. This is all because of the radiation poisoning, when they were exposed to huge amounts of radiation during the bombings. These people may have survived the attacks, but the life they had afterwards showed how hard it is being in their place. This novel became famous to western readers even though the author was Japanese. This was partly because of how the novel depicts its contents, which is more on the human perspective. It ignores the political factors that existed around that time. It focused on the issue on the extent of devastation that these bombs can cause, nd that the suffering that is connected with it is not only on those who wee directly suffered from the bombings, but also with generations after generations from the victims. References: Masuji Ibuse. (2002).  Ã‚   Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ibuse.htm The Hiroshima Project. (2007). Masuji IBUSE: Black Rain.  Ã‚   Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http://rhizome.org/artbase/22194/HiroshimaProject/ResearchDatabase/Literature/BlackRain/index.html