Reception Theory and Les Liaisons Dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons) :: Liaisons Dangereuses Dangerous Liaisons

Reception Theory and Les Liaisons Dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons)   Of all the literary critical theories yet discussed, I set reception system by far the most intelligent and rewarding. After all, where does literature become literature, where does it happen so to speak, if not in the mind of the reader? Without the reader, literature is achromatic blobs on paper. This correlates to Berkeleys solipsistic analogy of a tree falling in the woods. Without a listener does it make a sound? Well, technically, it emanates vibrations, but hardly an ear forget interpret those vibrations as sound. Thus with literature. The mind of the reader, operating on the text with its various literary and extra-textual codes, makes it literature. In the case of Les Liaisons Dangereuses, reception theory is not only helpful, it is positively essential to any sort of literary discussion of the novel. Considerations of authorial intent are clearly to no avail, in that, due to the epistolary format, no such intent can be gleaned from the text. Try as we might to construct some sort of original meaning in the mind of the author, we call up at last that the meanings we come up with have been supplied by ourselves. Laclos is like the hand of the puppeteer we never learn it, although we know that it is controlling the whole show. All we see are the ornate, 18th century mari wizardttes as they dance through each dastardly deception, each dangerous liaison. Even more maddening than trying to find authorial intent in the pages of Les Liaisons Dangereuses is the (one would think) comparatively simple task of ascertaining the moods and motivations of the characters themselves. Since we know that the majority of the characters are moderate to full-blown liars, writing one thing to one person and quite another to another, who do we believe? When seeming to bear ones soul is just one more weapon in the arsenal, how are we so-called to determine when actual soul-bearing is takin g place? Here, again, reception theory comes to our rescue. By looking at our own literary and non-literary conventions, we begin to feel more assured about the proposition that Valmont really is in love with the Presidente and that the Marquise really is in love with Valmont. After all, thats what makes it good, isnt it? Without having love rear its ugly head at some point, the book would be a monotone, an unrewarding and depressing look at people at once glamourous and depraved.

Monetary Policy During The Great Depression Essay -- Economics Economy

monetary Policy During The Great Depression One of the most important aspects of the Great Depression that stands out in economists minds is the surge of bank panics and failures during the falloffs onset (1930-1933). However, an institution created with the intention of hampering such a string of disasters failed to fulfill its obligation as a lender of last resort. This is the Fed, and its failure to prevent the early bank panics of the Great Depression is a very interesting economic issue. So why did the Fed fail to fulfill its duty? The flat coat for the Feds actions (or lack thereof) was a combination of the strict elitist leadership in the Fed and the ends of adaptive expectations on immature monetary policy. The Fed had save been created in 1913, and while there were previous experiences with bank panics (1907), the consequences were much less drastic, and so the elitists were unable to fore put through the heavy blow to the money supply that would result from the failure of so many small banks. In 1907 the money stock fell by 5% due to bank panics the Fed had no mood that bank panics would strongly contribute to the 31% decrease in the money supply by 1933(Friedman 156). While it may seem obvious that this might egest when 10,000 banks close, most of the banks that closed were non-members, and since these banks felt the opportunity cost of keeping reserves with the Fed was too great, the Fed returned the sentiment by denying them aid when they closed. Also, many of these banks were very small, and the Fed did not expect these small banks to have such a large effect on the money supply (Friedman). All this is supported by the writings of Milton Friedman, Charles W. Calomaris and Richard H. Timberlak... ...ey were its responsibility. According to Friedman, they saw panics as a result, and not a cause of the depression. The Fed did not know what its responsibilities were, and as a result failed to see the connection between the public s confidence, banks and the money supply. While the Feds monetary policies blew up in their face, it did present them with the undeniable need for bank deposit insurance. Ultimately the Great Depression shocked the Fed into reality, and because of this future depressions will be averted. Works CitedCalomiris, Charles W. Runs on Banks and the Lessons of the Great Depression Regulation 22.1 4-7Friedman, Milton, and Schwartz, Anna. A Monetary History of the United States 1867-1960. Princeton , N.J. Princeton University Press. 1963Timberlake, Richard H. The Roots of the Great Depression. (Interview) Navigator. (2001).

College Entrance Essay: Moving to the US :: essays research papers

University of Washington Admissions EssayThe challenging family situation I would like to persona with you is our move from Korea to the UnitedStates. In 1989, my life was transmitd when my family immigrated to a new country, hoping for a betterfuture. My life in Korea was hopeless, because I was a failing student with non much interest in school. Ispent the majority of my time in Arcades, wasting my coins on video games. Rather than studying with myfriends, as I had told my parents I would, I obsessed over the games. The only positive aspect to my lifewas my private computer programming lessons. Programming in Apple prefatory presented me with anopportunity to create my own world. One day, my parents told me that we were going to move to theUnited States of America, and I developed a strong feeling that my life soon would change forever. After spending eleven years in Korea, our family moved a totally different environment. This I knew wouldbe my toughest challenge to date. As a 5th grader attending a new elementary school in a new country, Ifelt left out because of my inability to communicate. Some kids fictional that I did not understand them atall, so they made rude remarks about me. I understood them, maybe not completely, simply I knew the feelof their messages. All that I had was my Apple II computer at which I just sat and programmed when Icame home from school. At home, my parents pressured me to study all of the time, but I was frustratedand wanted to return to Korea. I wanted to go back and talk freely with my friends and play games withthem. My parents often told me that they decided to move present because of the educational opportunities,yet I continued to rebel and refused to listen to what they said.Over time, my English improved. I moved on to regular sixth grade classes some(prenominal) of which werechallenging, but tolerable because of my teachers whom were willing to help. I always enjoyed class tripsto the computer lab, where I w ould start programming on the computer. Other kids would start to gather or so and treat me like a genius. Before long, I made more friends and found that I was enjoying school.Thoughts of going back to Korea faded, and my grades rose to a satisfactory level. This blithesome myparents who now encouraged me to invite friends to dinner.

Attention Deficit Disorder :: essays research papers

Attection Deficit DisorderTo be nobody-but-myself--in a world which is doing its best, night and day, to makeyou everybody else-means to advertise the hardest battle which any human being canfight, and never stop fighting.                              -E.E. Cummings, 1958 Attention Deficit Disorder is a long and some what mysterious seem name that tries to describe something you probably already call Hyperactivity. But, attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is much more that Hyperactivity.History of ADDIn 1902 children who demonstrated some of the symptoms that be today part of attentiondeficit disorder would be described as children with "morbid defects in moral control". Inthe 1940s, children exhibiting this do of behavior were diagnosed with "brain injuredsyndrome" because children with brain injuries from disease or trauma behave in muchthe same way. Any child displaying these behaviors regardless of cause of brain injurywere diagnosed as having brain injury syndrome.What Causes ADD?ADD may be caused by a abnormally from trauma, disease, fetal exposure to alcohol andtobacco, or high levels of Lead. In parts of the brain there is a diminished activity in themorphology and frontal region of the brain.Statistics of ADD nigh of the diagnosis is at childhood. Experts say that over 2 million (3 to 5%) childrenhave ADD. About 50% of these 2 million children who have ADD are believed to beunderachievers. Also with this 50% the children are believed to have social and academicdifficulties. About 40% of the 2 million have a 40% IQ discrepancy. The glad part is that80% - 90% of these children receive medication for there problem, but most of them stillneed behavior modifications. Most schools help with that.Behaviors observed in ADDSome characteristics are           -Makes careless mistakes in school hold up.     -Dislikes tasks that involve sustaining mental effort.     -Has worry sustaining attention.     -Does non seem to listen when spoken to.     -Often loses things.     -Does not follow through on instructions.     -Often distracted.     -Has difficulty organizing tasks.     -Often forgetful in daily activities.Six or more of the following symptoms will result in the diagnosis of peractivity-impulsivity     Hyperactivity                    Impulsivity     Fidgets or squirms               Often talks excessively     Often leaves seat in classroom          Often blurts out answers     Often runs about inappropriately     Often has difficulty waiting turn     Difficulty playing quietly               Often interrupts othersAlso while the person with ADD gets older the Impulsivity gets more consistent. Usually girls dont show Impulsivity as much as guys.How To Help ADD In The ClassroomResearchers have identified classroom characteristics which promote success for manychildren that have ADD      -predictability     -structure     -shorter work periods     -small teacher to pupil ratio     -more individualized instruction     -interesting curriculum     -use of positive reinforcementsThe teachers attitude is very helpful if she/he has the following characteristics

Chaucer :: essays research papers

Although we can see some changes in types of characters, people today argon relatively the same as they were during the diaphragm Ages. Some Chaucerian characters, such as the Parson, the Summoner, or even the Doctor, can relate characteristically to modern-day characters. When compared with the Chaucerian Doctor, the stereotypical, modern-day witch doctor relates similarly. With few exceptions, such as types of clothing, the Doctor and witch doctor are different The brightly colored, expensively made clothes (ll. 449-450) would be substituted for dark, black, flowing robes. The Doctors eyes honest of strength and intellect. The witch, full of power and demon possession. Despite their differences, their likeness of their actions are greatly similar. They both make magic charms and effigies(l. 428) with their demon possessed hands. They create potions and say "magical" elixirs, manifested from cited chants passed down from other generations. They are perfect practicing phy sicians(l. 432), given that they know the cause of every malady and infliction the body can withstand(ll. 429,430). They appear to many as one to provide an extended hand to anyone in need. But there is a price to be paid for their services, and their eyes cannot oversee the riches that is due to them. The Doctor then is the same as a witch doctor now, with their appearances different, but their intentions and thoughts the same. Stereotypes are seen only in the imagination. And it is in the imagination from which a television evangelist is characteristically similar to Geoffrey Chaucers Summoner. The evangelist is a deceiver to many. He quotes scripture of Biblical content, to put forth an act or display that he might appear unto others as a "man of God." The Summoner is much the same. When he is drunks, he babbles relentlessly of common Latin phrases that he had memorized from the perform services(ll. 655-659). The Summoner has been referred to be "as hot and lecherou s as a sparrow(l. 640)," giving new meaning to the purpose of many great evangelists falling out from the ministry. Their reasons are those of lust and adultery. Both are deceivers of men in that they appear to be to many as being righteous men. It is only on the inside that reveals the record of deception. "Let God be true, and every man a liar." A head can be determined by the fruit that it bears. The Parson, according to Chaucer, is that tree of which bears much fruit.

George Orwell :: Writing Biography Biographies Essays

George Orwell George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on June 25, 1903, in Motihari, India. The Blairs were relatively prosperous civil servants, wor crime syndicateg in India on behalf of the British Empire. Blair would later describe his family?s socioeconomic status as lower-upper middle class, on comment on the extraordinary degree to which British citizens in India depended on the Empire for their livelihood though the Blair were able to live quite comfortably in India, they had none of the physical assets or independent investments that would have been enjoyed by their class in England proper. Despite this factor, Ida Blair go back to England in 1904 with Eric and his older sister Marjorie so that they could be brought up in a more traditional Christian environment.In England, Blair entered the public give lessons system, and was admitted to Eton College in 1917. For most students of this era, Eton led directly to higher education at a university, often Oxford or Cambridge. Blair shunned further formal schooling, and after leaving Eton in 1921, returned to India in 1922 to join the Indian Imperial Police. This work gave Blair his first real experiences with the poor and downtrodden whom he would later champion, and unhappy with the his position as the hand of the oppressor, Blair resigned from the constabulary force in 1927, returning to England that same year.Upon return to England, Blair lived in the East End district of London, which was filled with paupers and the destitute, whom he saw as the spiritual kin of the Burmese peasants he had encountered as a policeman. In 1928, Blair moved to Paris to become a writer, where he again lived among the poor, and was eventually forced to abandon his report temporarily and become a dishwasher. He returned to England the next year (1929), and lived as a tramp before finding work as a instructor at a private school. This position gave Blair time to write, and his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London , was published in 1933, under the pseudonym George Orwell. The event of this first work, which was an account of his years living among the poor of Paris and London, marks the beginning of a more stable period for Orwell, in which he taught, undecided a bookshop, and continued to write. His first fictional work, Burmese Days, appeared in 1934.The next few years saw a steady stream of activity for Orwell, who produced A Clergyman?

How strong was Nationalism in the Second Reich?

In 1871, Bismarck unified Germany however this great action did not mean that his job was done. Now, the ultimate threat for him was a revolution, so he needed to make sure that ein truthone was reasonably happy in the crude unified Germany. The constitution of the German Reich was created on 19 April 1871. This aimed to please the upper class, middle class, working class and the German states.The upper class were dexterous by the fact that they would be ruled by a German Emperor (William I) who was also the King of Prussia and Supreme Commander. This way, they could maintain an element of autocracy and social hierarchy.The federal Council could over-rule the Reichstag if it wanted to so this helped to avoid democracy, again, pleasing the upper class.Having a constitution would please the middle class as it enables democracy to a certain extent. They would confound been pleased by the fact that the constitution allows the middle class suffrage and in turn, gains them more power. Gaining the vote and power within the constitution also pleased the working class.Twenty-five confederal states made up the Federal Council, meaning that Prussia did not overrule everyone this pleased the other German states. Prussia was only allowed seventeen representatives however, the council had the power of veto, if they were back up by 14 votes. This meant that it would take only 14 of the 17 representatives of Prussia to overrule the other states.The careful planning of the constitution helped to encourage nationalism, as everyone in it was kept quite happy. The middle and working class got elements of democracy whilst the upper class had elements of autocracy. However, it was more absolutist than it appeared to be. Bismarck and Prussia still had subtle control over Germany.How did the organisation encourage the people to be good Germans?Nationalism throughout Germany was encouraged in areas such as education, industry and the monarchy. The writings of Heinrich Von Treit schke were very influential to the German people.He believed that Germans were driven by ideas such as nationalism rather than being practical. The acquisition of power was the find out to a successful Germany, only the truly great and powerful states ought to exist. As he was such an influential writer, it was causing nationalism to grow amongst the German people. Treitschke also believed in con sortity and wrote that the individual has no right to regard the state as a means for attaining his own ambitions in life, meaning that people should do as they are told by their government, and not revolt (like the French did.)Both the acquisition of power and conformity had created a replacement to absolutism known as authoritarianism. His writing showed that nationalism was sightly more and more conservative. To be a good German, you had to pure blooded and a militarist. Treitschke taught that war was a good thing and it makes you a better person. The religious power of love which a righteous war awakes is an example of what he wrote about war. Germany was founded through three wars, so to Germans it must seem a very good thing. However, this all changed after WWI.Nationalism was also being encouraged through education. Textbooks would contain phrases such as the ideal bearers of civilisation with an innate favourable position and pureness of blood. Introducing to children the ideas of the Aryan race.How serious was opposition to nationalism?The main opposition to nationalism consisted of the Catholic church, workers and women.Problems with the Catholic church arose because Bismarck tried to control the acres through education. However, for Catholics, their education lies in the hands of their religion so what they were taught by their religion was very different to what Bismarck wanted to teach them. In 1870, the Vatican Council choose the doctrine of papal infallibility, meaning that whatever the pope said or did was right, and no one was allowed to questi on it. This was a problem for Bismarck as he continued to try to gain control over German education. He passed many laws such as the May Laws (1873) which forbade catholic inspections of schools, that by 1887, a bill was passed to give the Church its old independence. The Catholics won the Kulturkampf so they proved to be a threatening opposition to nationalism.Socialism of the working class was the virtually serious form of opposition to nationalism. The social democrats were similar to communists in the sense that they wanted the abolition of classes and class rule. Bismarck tried to prevent them from growing, by introducing anti-socialist laws, but they continued to grow even faster.By 1912, the SPD were the largest party in the Reichstag with nearly 4million votes Bismarck even attempted to encourage working class nationalism by introducing state insurance and pension, however, this was simply mocked by socialists. They called it state socialism. The social democrats continued to be the largest party in the Reichstag up to the outbreak of WWI in 1914.Another form of opposition to nationalism was women. This was not as serious as the Suffragettes in Britain, although it still posed a threat to nationalism. Women were seen as second class citizens who were oppress by the ruling classes, generally men. The womens movement achieved very little under Bismarck, however, they managed to get the right to get involved in politics. It was the most low key of the three main threats to nationalism, as it was not as significant as the Socialists or the Catholics.Out of the three, the biggest threat to nationalism seems to be the Social Democratic party, as they managed to become the largest party in the Reichstag, meaning that they would have quite an influence over parliament. However, the Federal Council could just simply dissolve the Reichstag if they felt it was necessary.

Definition of VARK Learning style

A consumeing style is the way us humans ingest in cultivation, process, accumulate, and rec entirely it. Students take in and process information in different ways by seeing and hearing, reflecting and acting, reasoning logically and ostensibly, analyzing and visualizing, steadily and in fits and starts. VARK is commonly used learning style. It stands for visual, auditory, reading and writing, and kinesthetic learners. Summary of My Learning Style A multimodal study outline is a method used when you dumbfound more than one likeence that is discrete.It can also be when someone has no preferences to which study strategy they want to use. About 60% of the peoples study strategy is multimodal. Being multimodal means that you feel multiple strong points in areas such as aural, reading, and writing. Those who are multimodal are context reserved which means they can choose a single mode to suit the situation. On the other hand, there are others who are not satisfied until they have had input in all of the preferred styles. They take an extensive period to gather information but often have an immersed and expansive understanding.For example, when trying to figure out something that will be brought about physically later, learners that absorb information better hands on do better when trying out something for themselves. In addition, this visual factor assist students to reproduce information on a test better. Different Learning Styles Visual learners gain information from maps such as diagrams, graphs, and charts. They learn things best done seeing them. Instead of using wrangling, they penury the information to be broke down into pieces so it is simply to comprehend.They run away to highlight information in dissimilitude colors which makes it easier for them to go back and study. These learners need to see the teachers body language and facial expression to fully comprehend the composition of a lesson. They favor to prefer sitting at the front of the cla ssroom to avoid visual obstructions. A learner who consumes information from listening is an aural learner. In order for them to absorb information, they refer classes and discussions, discuss the topics with their peers, and can describe visuals to other people.By listening, they are able to mystify information. Aural learners are not able to take good notes and they have to read what they have on paper aloud to someone else. They perform well on a test if they spend time alone recalling ideas and oratory answers out loud or inside their head. Most people cant understand what people say unless its in their own words. auditory learners explicate the underlying meanings of speech through listening to tone of voice, pitch, speed and other distinctions. Written information may have little meaning until it is heard.Learners who learn by reading and writing have a preference for information being delivered as words. After reading information, they have to write it down so they are ab le to grasp the material. They take in information from places like handouts, textbooks, notes, and glossaries. Powerpoints are a device that helps them summarize the information. They read information in books and the network and afterwards write the material they read into their own words. This helps them process and retain information wanter than just reading or listening.Kinesthetic learners use their senses to obtain material. Kinesthetic persons learn best through a hands-on approach, actively exploring the physical world around them. They find it hard to sit still for long periods and may become distracted by their need for activity and exploration. They take field trips, work with hands on activities, and use trial and error. They also need real life examples, applications and examples of principles. In order for them to learn the information, they need to remember the real life examples and pictures that were used.Lecture notes dont really help them because they didnt und erstand the concrete information from the beginning because it wasnt relevant to them. They do better on tests if they have a role play for the information and commit problems that are similar to the information. Kinesthetic learners need a visual aid so the information can be drawn out for them into smaller pieces. They tend to draw out the message rather than reading it out loud or writing it. The phrase picture is worth a thousand words is true for people who fall in this category.They need to see how everything is put together in order for them to gather the information. Comparison of Learning Styles The difference between all the learning strategies is the way you absorb information. Unlike reading, writing, and aural learners, kinesthetic learners have to visualize what they are being taught. Aural learners attain information by listening to lectures and discussions. Others can gain information by reading and writing the material. People like me are multimodal learners, meani ng that we cant just leg one way of learning.Conclusion Depending on the subject, I learn better reading and writing or an aural learner. Listening to information more than once helps me occupy the material better. I also have to take notes and read it aloud so I am able to grasp the material. This helps me learn the information faster and I perform well on tests. I would like to try gaining knowledge from visual aids and more hands on activities. My aim is to improve on my weaker areas which are visual learning style and practice strategies that will allow me to build up the weaker areas.

How Helpful Is Microsoft Word, Excel and Powerpoint?

Avery Parsons Man 1030-Week 3 Professor Nathan Riggs Nov. 4,2012 Please define severally of these four forms of business ownership and then respond to the following questions (1) Sole Proprietorship- A business that is owned and usually managed by one person it is the more or less common form. (2) Partnership- A legal form of business with two or more owners. (3) Corporation- Is a legal entity with authority to have liability separate from its owners. 4) Franchisors-Owns the general rights and trademarks of the company and allows its libertys to use these rights and trademarks to do business. The entity or person owning the rights or license of the business. Do you think that Sonic would have grown as large as it did today if had remained a Sole Proprietorship? Why or Why not ? In my opinion , I would say no due to the circumstance that it would have caused the dis service of limit growth, limited reasons and unlimited liability.In terms of partnership it would bring about confli cts with a partner, division of profits, difficulty termination and unlimited liability. As a corporation , they would have encountered limited liability, the ability to raise more money investments, ease of ownership change and the ease of separating of owner from management. What were the advantages and disadvantages to Sonic severally form of business Ownership?The advantages are they have the ability to have as many Sonic Restaurants all over the world, personal ownership, lower bereavement rate and management marking assistance compared to someone who begin a business from scratch. The disadvantages are that they have large start-up costs, shared profits, management regulations and coattail effect. Another advantage would be having a unified voice to protect their investments. Sonic has survived and continues to be successful, not only by maintaining a strong fast food aim throughout the years as private road in.While other chains have gone under one by one. There have been lots of drive in and fast food restaurants over time. In your opinion what makes Sonic and other major successful than others? The quality food they serve. The nostalgia of this old time usage or the novelty of it, depending upon the age of the customers it provides an irresistible attraction to a wide variety of clientele, making sonic potentially a very profitable franchise option. In closing ,Sonic restaurants still are no. through various changes and innovations made rather recently, Sonic Drive in has been able to expand its estimate of store locations within the past decade. Today there are nearly 3,000 Store locations all across the nation ,and the company boasts market capitalization that exceeds 1. 5 billion. References Learning activities 1 and 2 Learning video Sonic is Booming Understanding Business McGraw & Hill Chapter 1 pgs. 8-11 Chapter 5 How to form a business-pgs. 114-145

The Affect of Aggression on Motivation

Sport psychologists ca-ca been becoming increasingly important in the farming of sports helping athletes in their focus and controlling emotions such as anxiety. Moreover, they befuddle also become assistants to team organizations In selecting potential players, As previously stated, often look for has been completed in an effort to not only increase motion but to also predict future performances. As result, many theories have evolved. These theories range from the achievement finish theory (ACT), to the self determination theory (SDTV), ACT states that an Individual go out poses either an ego goal orientation or a task goal orientation.Researchers have examined different aspects of athletes motivational orientations in hopes to predict a successful performance. Based off this research, it has been shown that when athletes have a utmost task goal orientation they are more likely to give a successful performance. However, it has been shown that athletes at the elite level of competition possess both(prenominal)(prenominal) a high task orientation and ego orientation. This is important to autobuses when considering how to motivate players. One motivational tactic that has been heard on the sidelines at sporting events Is the coach telling his players to be aggressive.Moreover, athletes r forthinely site aggressive play as the factor In a win or loss. In this regard, the focus of this proposed exact is to investigate what role aggression has on an athletes motivational orientation and whether aggression has a positive correlation with performance. Aggression Is seemingly becoming more apparent(a) in sports. Moreover, aggression has evolved as a positive attribute In the eyes of athletes and spectators alike, and has earned itself an important role in team sports (Rascal, Coulomb-Cabbage, & Delegate, 2004).However, little research has been conducted on aggression and how TTS manifestation get out affect an athletes performance, or if aggression is mo re prevalent In iodine goal orientation over another. To muse the occurrence of aggressive behavior, the proposed study will look at athletes In the sport of boxing which is often viewed as a highly aggressive and sometimes barbaric sport. Boxing is 1 OFF play them must also have a certain degree of aggression that motivates them to continue the sport. However, a conceptual definition of aggression is that it is a negative personality trait that is connected with sport participation (Keller, 2004).Aggression has been further broken down into two categories hostile and instrumental. at loggerheads aggression is defined as behavior that is performed with the sole intention of inflicting harm on a person and is seen as being an emotional response out of frustration or anger while instrumental is considered non-emotional and is behavior that intention tout ensembley causes injury or harm to an opponent in the pursuit of another non-aggressive goal such as scoring or winning (Rascal, Coulomb- Cabbage, Delegate, 2004).With this in mind, this study will also measure assertiveness which is defined as a non-hostile, non-coercive intention to behave with intense and energetic behavior to accomplish ones goal, and within the sport setting is within the rules of competition. Assertiveness will primarily be entangled because the unproblematic goal in boxing is to inflict injury or harm on an opponent. This study will also measure the goal orientations of the athletes. Previous studies have shown that when athletes have a high ego low task orientation they are more prone to aggression and a win at all cost mentality (Rascal, Coulomb-Cabbage, & Delegate, 2004).Therefore, it is hypothesized that 1) the goal orientation of the boxers will be influenced by the level of aggressiveness or assertiveness 2) aggression will be correlated with a high ego-orientation and assertiveness will be correlated with a task-orientation 3) assertiveness will have a positive correlation with performance and aggression will have a negative correlation with performance 4) assertiveness will be viewed and considered to be aggression by the athletes in the study. manner The design of this study will be non-experimental and will utilize surveys and researcher observation.The study will have two independent variables, aggression and assertion and tercet dependent variables, task-orientation, ego-orientation and performance. Performance will be Judged by a win or loss. Aggressive behavior will be considered illegal blows. This will include low blows, kidney punches, rabbit punches (punches to the back of the head), hitting on the break (when the referee calls a halt to the action), hitting an opponent while down on a knee, and excessive holding. Assertive behavior will be pressing the action, and a high volume of punchers thrown (50 punches/round).The distinction between aggression and assertiveness will not be made to the athletes and will be used as criterion for obse rvers when rating the performance of the athlete. The participants in the study will be 30 active professional (n=10) and amateur (n=20) boxers between the ages of 18 and 25. Active participation will be defined as having at least one fight 2 months prior to the study and the subjects must have a fight scheduled to take place during the study. Participants will receive information on the parameters of the study and will be informed that all data collected will be anonymous.In addition written onset will be obtained by all subjects. The subjects will complete surveys that will rate the performance of their last competition, goal orientation, aggression, and assertiveness. The outcome of their last competition (whether the athlete won or loss) and demographic information will also be used in the data analysis. To task developed by Roberts and Plague will be used. This scale has shown both reliability and validity for assessing task and ego goal orientations. Aggression will be measur ed in two ways first, the subjects global aggression will be assessed by the Buss-Darker Hostility Inventory (BID) scale.This will be used to see if aggression is a core trait of the athlete. Questions are answered either true(a) or false and indicate whether the actions described are thought to be self-descriptive and second, the subjects situation-specific or sport aggression will be measured with the BAG-S scale. This is a 30 item inventory that measures both hostile and instrumental aggression. It uses a 4-point Liker scale with 1 being strong agreement and 4 being strong disagreement. To assess assertiveness, the Rather Assertiveness Schedule (RASA) will be used.This is a 30-item questionnaire that measures perceived assertiveness. It uses a six point scale that ranges from 3 to -3 with 3 being precise characteristic of me and -3 being very uncharacteristic. Additionally observers will measure the subjects level of aggression and assertion during competition development a 4- point Liker scales with 1 being very aggressive and very assertive and 4 being little aggression and little assertion. Analysis Analysis of the data will be conducted using several methods. For assessing the levels of aggression and assertion on performance the Pearson Correlation Coefficient will be used.

Foodservice Industry Essay

The foodservice industry is complex, fast growing, and ever changing. Many factors affects its growth and status, including socioeconomic conditions, demograpic shits, and the changing food habits and desire of the America people. Being wondrous to these changes will help foodservice managers adapt their operations to meet the demands of the times.Foodservices with similar characteristics are grouped as prticular types of exertion are grouped as particular types of production or operating system. Each of the four types of foodservice operating systems found united states today is described with its identifying features, advantages and disadvantages. The typical foodservic organizations that use each types are also identified. This comment should provide a basis for managers to decide on the type of operation suitable for a particular situation.The system differ in where the food is preparedin affinity to where it is served, the time span between preoparation and service, the fo rms of foods purchased, methods of holding prepared foods and the amount and kind of labor and equipment required. The types of foodservice system is conventional, ready- prepared, commisary and assembly system.Introduction of Conventional system As the call forth implies, the conventional system has been used traditionally throughout the years. Menu items are prepared in a kitchen in the same facility where the meals are served and held a short time, either hot and cold, until serving time. In earlier years all preparation, as well as cooking, took place on the premise, and foods were prepared from primary ingredients. Kitchen included a butcher shop, bakery,and vegetable preparation units. Over the year a modified conventional system has evolved because of labor shortages, high-labor costs, and the avaibility of new form of food.To trend time and labor costs, foodservice managers began to purchase some foods with built-in labor. Butcher shops, in which meats were cut from prime cuts, and bake shops are gone from the most conventional kitchen today. Meats are now purchased ready to cook or portion controlled bread and many bakery items are purchased from a commercial bakery or prepared fro mixes and produceis useable in prepeeled, cut, frozen, or canned forms, all of which reduce the amount of production and labor required on the premises. Foods with varving degreesof processing are now used in conventional foodservice systems.This system is most effective in situations and locales where the labor supply is adequate and of relatively low cost where sources of the food supplies, especially raw foods, are readily available and when adequate space is allocated for foodservice equipment and activities. Typical users of the conventional system are smaller foodservice operations such as independent restaurants, schools, colleges, hospital and health care facilities, homes for specialized groups, and in-plant eployee feeding.Advantages and disadvantages of conve ntional system The conventional system has many advantages. Quality control is considered of primary improtance. Through the menu, recepis, and quality of ingredients selected by the manager, the foodservice achives its respective(prenominal)ity and measuring stick of quality desired. It is not dependent on the availability and variety of frozen entrees and other menu items commercially prepared.This system is more adaptable to the regional, ethnic, nd individual preferences of its customers than is possible with other systems. From an economic standpoint, greater flexibility is possible in making menu changes to take advantages of good market buys and seasonal fluctuations. Also, less freezer storage space is required than with the other systems, and distribution costs are minimal, both of which save on energy use the costs.Disadvantages The conventional system produces an uneven, jolly stressful workday caused by meal period demands. Because the menu differs each day, the work loads vary, making it difficult for workers to achieve high productivity. Skilled workers may be designate tasks that could be completed by nonskilled employees just to feel their time between meals periods. When three meals a dayare served, two shifts of employees are required to cover the 12 to 15 hours or longer workday. Schedulling workers may be difficult with overlapping shifts.

The Online Therapy Sites Health And Social Care Essay

This newspaper discusses about on-line(a)(a) therapy ranges and the types of three on-line therapy sites. It anyway inside informations the content of each online sites and the engagement of professionals. This paper examines the interaction of existent online sites and besides addresses how the professional associations and province regulative boards positions online therapy. It explains the relevant security issues and ethical issues such as consent and confidentiality that are included in on-line therapy sites. This paper besides evaluates the advantages and the disadvantages of on-line therapy sites. It besides concludes with this paper by supplying indispensable construct that is supported to the on-line therapy sites.Online Therapy SitesThe on-line therapy was besides cognize as E-therapy, E-counseling and cyber-therapy and this on-line therapy provided the psychological advice and support over the cyberspace. The psychological advice and other elements could be occurred through E-mail, online confab, cyberspace phone all(prenominal) min proficient as go through conferencing. The on-line therapy occurred in existent clip including time-delayed format and E-mail messages etc. The on-line therapy can non be assumed psychotherapeutics and it will be neer replaced traditional therapy. The on-line therapy had the restrictions and but it was going a important resource to turn figure of consumers. The on-line therapy included the E-mail, existent clip confab, picture conferencing, instant messaging any bit sound as cyberspace phone.Three online sitesThe online sites utilized the convenience of cyberspace that provided communicating among an person and a professional. The on-line therapy helped the person with the job declaration, to kick downstairs the temper and increased the self-pride and the dawn guidance site provided the on-line guidance for persons that were fighting with relationships, anxiousness, depression every bit good as loss of way . The dawn guidance site was contributed more to the professional and personal career of human being. The dawn therapy was non appropriate for everyone and but it had shown effectiveness in several state of affairss. The professional associations and regulative boards viewed this on-line therapy efficaciously for the life of human being. In professional life, people could acquire more benefits from this dawn online site. This on-line therapy site contributed into the educational services besides ( Kate Anthony, 2010 ) .The 2nd online therapy was the unrecorded counsellor site that offered the chart room apparatus for users. This on-line therapy was the celebrated the therapy site that was attribute 200 healers, counsellors every bit good as societal workers presented for the better part for personal every bit good as professional life of human being. This counsellor allowed the clients to seek for a healer by any influence in order to making the inventions. This on-line site offer ed aid with crisis or physical conditions, parenting, personal development, relationships every bit good as emotional upsets. The unrecorded counsellor therapy site did nt necessitate any assignment and besides the clients whitethorn subscribe in anytime by the aid of their on-line service suppliers. This on-line site was besides allowed the people in order to posting their profile into therapy sites. consequently the professional associations and province regulative services viewed this online therapy better.The 3rd on-line site was serenity on-line therapy that offered therapy via e-mail apparatus to users. This was besides the popular site in supplying the better inventions to human being and the part of this site to people was effectual. This on-line therapy web site contributed to the mental wellness attention services. This site besides faced some(prenominal) issues including dependence, heartache and loss, childhood injury every bit good as affaire dhonneur diagnosing. In t his instance, the province counsellor board finishing procedure and process had been established by Torahs. This on-line therapy site proposed the engineering and scientific discipline security in order to better the ethical issues. This therapy site besides empowered and enabled the clients to do an informed determination for engaging the peculiar professional. These three therapy sites were besides used to happen the troubles in society factors and used to set the job of society ( Foojan Zeine, 2005 ) .Security and ethical issues. The on-line therapy was non involved real-world interactions with clients and some ethical concerns were more complicated. The on-line therapy obtained the informed consent from all E-clients and the informed consent was the sound process in order to guarantee the hazards and costs in a intervention. The informed consent besides included the nature of intervention, alternate interventions, and benefits of interventions every bit good as possible hazard s. The informed consent was considered for doing the better result to the clients and the informed consent must be given voluntarily to the clients.The confidentiality was the ethical every bit good as the security issue and the concern of confidentiality in on-line therapy was the protection of client information. The use of electronic communicating was used in order to protect the information of clients. The medical records of patients were stored in on-line therapy sites that were protected by therapy sites. The premise of privateness of personal information based upon the on-line therapy in protecting the information of patients. The possible online therapy utilized to procure the privateness of medical records. The effectual protection could be made by doing the better E-books for patients.The level-headed debt instrument to warm was besides the legal issues for protecting the information. The legal responsibility to warm was besides established in order to extenuate the jobs of clients. The responsibility to warm was the better protection tool but it was hard to implementing and this responsibility to warm included the reappraisal of old records that might see a history of violent behaviour. This legal issue was given the rights to the counsellor and healer in order to transgress confidentiality when clients pose a hazard to other individual.Advantages of on-line therapy sitesThe on-line therapy was holding many advantages and disadvantages to the patients including the protection of personal every bit good as patients information. The on-line therapy offered the better accessing methods top mental wellness information to the people in uncouth every bit good as distant entree. The online therapy besides provided the handiness to the persons who were housebound.The on-line therapy was more contributed to the patients in the instance of their personal every bit good as professional life and this therapy sites were usually low-cost every bit good as con venient. The online sites made mental wellness information more approachable to clients and the people could experience more comfy in discoursing about mental wellness concerns. The on-line therapy site was an of import tool for assisting people to larn close to psychological wellness ( Kimberly S.Young, 2010 ) .Disadvantages of online therapyThe on-line therapy was used in many ways to people and but at the average clip it was holding some disadvantages. The on-line therapy could nt be covered the insurance policies that s why this was the drawback to patients. The on-line therapy sites concerned about undependable engineering and the healer could nt react to crisis state of affairss. These sites were non appropriate with the right psychiatric unwellness.The E-therapy was non appropriate for people with elaborate jobs and the range of on-line therapy s aid was limited. In many instances, the on-line healer could non see facial looks every bit good as organic structure linguistic communications. The ethical and legal guidelines could be hard in order to implementing into the on-line therapy due to the mercurial and anon. nature of the cyberspace and the ethical codifications were besides hard for implementing.DecisionThe on-line therapy sites and the constructs of on-line therapy sites were discussed. The content of each site and the engagement of professionals of each online therapy sites were besides included. The interaction of three online sites was explained. The engagement of professional associations every bit good as regulative boards on the E-therapy sites was detailed. The ethical and legal issues of on-line therapy sites were examined and the advantages every bit good as disadvantages of on-line therapy sites were concluded.

Chapter 20 The Dementor’s Kiss

desolate had n invariably been part of a st jogr group. Crookshanks led the appearance down the stairs Lupin, Pettigrew, and Ron went next, looking like entrants in a six-legged race. Next came Professor Snape, drifting creepily along, his toes striking each stair as they desc destinationed, held up by his own threshold, which was being pointed at him by Sirius. evoke and Hermione brought up the rear.Getting back into the tunnel was difficult. Lupin, Pettigrew, and Ron had to turn sideway to manage it Lupin quieten had Pettigrew cover with his wand. beset could see them edging awkwardly along the tunnel in single file. Crookshanks was still in the lead. beset went right after sour, who was still making Snape drift along before wad of them he unploughed bumping his lolling head on the low ceiling. rag had the impression Black was making no effort to celebrate this.You know what this toy withs? Black verbalize abruptly to Harry as they made their slow cash advance alon g the tunnel. Turning Pettigrew in?Youre free, said Harry.Yes said Black. But Im also I dont know if bothone ever told you Im your godfather.Yeah, I knew that, said Harry.Well your parents appointed me your guardian, said Black stiffly. If anything happened to themHarry waited. Did Black mean what he ideal he meant?Ill understand, of course, if you want to diaphragm with your aunt and uncle, said Black. But well think s legerityly it. Once my names cleared if you wanted a a different homeSome sort of enlargement took place in the pit of Harrys stomach.What alive(p) with you? he said, accident completelyy cracking his head on a bit of rock protruding from the ceiling. render the Dursleys?Of course, I thought you wouldnt want to, said Black quickly. I understand, I just thought Id Are you insane? said Harry, his voice easily as cacophonic as Blacks. Of course I want to leave the Dursleys Have you got a house? When can I move in?Black rancid right some to look at him Snapes head was prick the ceiling but Black didnt seem to care.You want to? he said. You mean it?Yeah, I mean it said Harry.Blacks gaunt face broke into the first true smile Harry had seen upon it. The difference it made was startling, as though a person ten years younger were shining through the starved cloak for a moment, he was recognizable as the man who had laughed at Harrys parents wedding.They did not speak again until they had reached the end of the tunnel. Crookshanks darted up first he had evidently pressed his paw to the knot on the trunk, because Lupin, Pettigrew, and Ron clambered upward without any croak of savaging branches.Black axiom Snape up through the hole, then stood back for Harry and Hermione to pass. At last, all of them were out.The terra firmas were in truth dark now the only light came from the distant sophisticateows of the castle. Without a word, they set off. Pettigrew was still wheezing and occasionally whimpering. Harrys mind was buzzing. He was exit to leave the Dursleys. He was red ink to live with Sirius Black, his parents shell friend. He felt dazed. What would happen when he told the Dursleys he was going to live with the sting theyd seen on televisionOne wrong move, Peter, said Lupin threateningly ahead. His wand was still pointed sideways at Pettigrews chest.Silently they tramped through the grounds, the castle lights growing slowly larger. Snape was still drifting weirdly ahead of Black, his chin bumping on his chest. And then A cloud shifted. There were suddenly dim shadows on the ground. Their companionship was bathed in moonlight.Snape collided with Lupin, Pettigrew, and Ron, who had stopped abruptly. Black froze. He flung out one arm to make Harry and Hermione stop.Harry could see Lupins silhouette. He had at peace(p) rigid. Then his limbs began to shake.Oh, my Hermione gasped. He didnt take his potion tonight Hes not safeRun, Black whispered. Run. Now.But Harry couldnt run. Ron was chained to Pettigrew and Lu pin. He leapt ahead but Black caught him or so the chest and threw him back.Leave it to me RUNThere was a terrible snarling noise. Lupins head was lengthening. So was his body. His shoulders were hunching. Hair was sprouting visibly on his face and reach, which were curling into clawed paws. Crookshankss hair was on end again he was backing away(p) As the werewolf reared, snapping its long jaws, Sirius disappeared from Harrys side. He had transformed. The enormous, bearlike dog bounded forward. As the werewolf wrenched itself free of the turnup binding it, the dog seized it about the neck and pulled it backward, away from Ron and Pettigrew. They were locked, jaw to jaw, claws ripping at each other.Harry stood, transfixed by the sight, too intent upon the battle to notice anything else. It was Hermiones scream that alerted him Pettigrew had dived for Lupins dropped wand. Ron, unsteady on his apprenticed leg, fell. There was a stunner, a burst of light and Ron cast motionless on the ground. Another bang Crookshanks flew into the air and back to the earth in a heap.Expelliarmus. Harry yelled, pointing his own wand at Pettigrew Lupins wand flew high into the air and out of sight. Stay where you are Harry shouted, running forward.Too late. Pettigrew had transformed. Harry saw his bald tail whip through the manacle on Rons outstretched arm and heard a scurrying through the grass.There was a howl and a rumbling growl Harry turned to see the werewolf taking flight it was galloping into the forest Sirius, hes gone, Pettigrew transformed Harry yelled.Black was bleeding thither were gashes across his muzzle and back, but at Harrys words he scrambled up again, and in an instant, the sound of his paws faded to silence as he pounded away across the grounds.Harry and Hermione dashed over to Ron.What did he do to him? Hermione whispered. Rons eyes were only half-closed, his mouth hung open he was definitely alive, they could hear him breathing, but he didnt seem to recognize them.I dont know.Harry looked desperately around. Black and Lupin both gone they had no one but Snape for company, still hanging, unconscious, in midair.Wed better bugger off them up to the castle and assure someone, said Harry, pushing his hair out of his eyes, trying to think straight. Come But then, from beyond the range of their vision, they heard a yelping, a whining a dog in pain.Sirius, Harry muttered, staring into the sliminess.He had a moments indecision, but there was nothing they could do for Ron at the moment, and by the sound of it, Black was in trouble Harry set off at a run, Hermione right behind him. The yelping seemed to be coming from the ground near the edge of the lake. They pelted toward it, and Harry, running flat out, felt the cold without realizing what it must mean The yelping stopped abruptly. As they reached the lakeshore, they saw why Sirius had turned back into a man. He was crouched on all fours, his hands over his head.Nooo, he moaned. N ooo please.And then Harry saw them. Dementors, at least(prenominal) a hundred of them, gliding in a black mass around the lake toward them. He spun around, the familiar, snappy cold penetrating his insides, fog starting to obscure his vision more were appearing out of the darkness on every side they were encircling them.Hermione, think of something happy Harry yelled, raising his wand, blinking furiously to try and clear his vision, shaking his head to rid it of the faint screaming that had started inside it Im going to live with my godfather. Im leaving the Dursleys.He forced himself to think of Black, and only Black, and began to chant Expecto patronum Expecto patronumBlack gave a shudder, rolled over, and lay motionless on the ground, pale as death.Hell be all right. Im going to go and live with him.Expecto patronum Hermione, dish out me Expecto patronumExpecto Hermione whispered, expecto expecto But she couldnt do it. The Dementors were closing in, barely ten feet from them . They formed a solid wall around Harry and Hermione, and were getting closer.EXPECTO PATRONUM Harry yelled, trying to blot the screaming from his ears. EXPECTO PATRONUMA thin wisp of plate escaped his wand and hovered like mist before him. At the same moment, Harry felt Hermione break apart next to him. He was alone completely alone.Expecto expecto patronum Harry felt his knees hit the cold grass. defile was clouding his eyes. With a huge effort, he fought to remember Sirius was innocent innocent Well be okay Im going to live with him Expecto patronum he gasped.By the feeble light of his formless Patronus, he saw a Dementor halt, very close to him. It couldnt walk through the cloud of silver mist Harry had conjured. A dead, slimy hand slid out from under the cloak. It made a gesture as though to sweep the Patronus aside.No no Harry gasped. Hes innocent expecto expecto patronum He could feet them watching him, hear their rattling breath like an evil wind around him. The ne arest Dementor seemed to be considering him. Then it raised both its rotting hands and lowered its hood.Where there should have been eyes, there was only thin, gray scabbed skin, stretched blankly over empty sockets. But there was a mouth a gaping, shapeless hole, sucking the air with the sound of a death rattle.A paralyzing disquietude filled Harry so that he couldnt move or speak. His Patronus flickered and died.White fog was blinding him. He had to fight expecto patronum he couldnt see and in the distance, he heard the familiar screaming expecto patronum he groped in the mist for Sirius, and found his arm they werent going to take him.But a pair of strong, clammy hands suddenly attached themselves around Harrys neck. They were forcing his face upward He could feel its breath It was going to get rid of him first He could feel its putrid breath His mother was screaming in his ears She was going to be the last thing he ever heard And then, through the fog that was drowning him, he thought he saw a silvery light growing brighter and brighter He felt himself fall forward onto the grass. Facedown, too weak to move, sick and shaking, Harry opened his eyes. The Dementor must have released him. The blinding light was illuminating the grass around himThe screaming had stopped, the cold was ebbing awaySomething was driving the Dementors back It was circling around him and Black and Hermione. They were leaving.The air was warm again.With every ounce of strength he could muster, Harry raised his head a few inches and saw an animal amid the light, galloping away across the lake Eyes befuddled with sweat, Harry tried to make out what it was It was as bright as a unicorn Fighting to stay conscious, Harry watched it canter to a halt as it reached the opposite shore. For a moment, Harry saw, by its brightness, somebody accept it back raising his hand to pat it someone who looked strangely familiar but it couldnt beHarry didnt understand. He couldnt think anymore. He felt the last of his strength leave him, and his head hit the ground as he fainted.

Film Analysis: Decalogue(10 Commandments) Essay

1)The hegira literal meaning is the journey of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses. God wants the Israelites to not have other gods before Him because He, in the ways of the Exodus, has spoken to them.2) Moses was subjected to death because of the pharaohs order to kill the first born son. His mother was terrified for her first born to be killed so Moses was brought to the river and got dragged to the Princess palace. He got adopted even though she knew that he was a slave child. And from that event was Moses enlightenment shone. Through his life as a Egyptian child.Moses encountered God through the burning bush. God talked to him and told him that he was the chosen one, the one to free the Israelites. Moses disagreed because he doesnt want to go back to Egypt and hes already living peacefully in the desert camp.The Egyptians have some gods and they worship to of all of those gods. The Israelites has one God and was losing their faith to Him because of their torment of slavery. The desert quite a little, on the other hand, abide by as their form of worship for great harvest.The plagues were Plague of Blood Plague of frogs Plague of lice Plague of locomote Plague of Pestilence Plague of boils Plague of hails Plague of Locusts Plague of Darkness Death of the firstborn.God valued the Israelites to worship only Him for what He has done and what He will be doing to them. God dictated the stipulation to the Isralites, not negotiated. For He has a promised land to give to Israel.The Israelites complained that there were no food and water so Moses talked to God about their complaints. God sent manna from heaven which was the food for them. God then enjoin Moses to break the rock with his staff from which flowed water.The two sons of Moses were Gershom and Eliezer. His father-in-law was Jethro and his wife is Zipporah whom he met from the desert camp when he take flight from Egypt.The Israelites spent about 400 years in Egypt. There were about 2.5 million I sraelites that went out Egypt. They avoided the master(prenominal) road because the Egyptians would be ambushing them there to block them from escaping.The passover used Lamb to be sacrificed and eaten. Its blood would be befuddle on the top of their houses doors and be eaten at night of the Passover. From the bibles scripture Exodus 1321 By day the Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to lean them on their way and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel by day or night. And that was how they went out of Egypt day and night.The twelve sons of Jacob was Reuben, Gad, Joseph, Judah, Simeon, Levi, Zebulun, Issachar, Naphtali, Asher, Benjamin, Dan. The tribes were called Reubenites Gadites Josephites Zebulunites Issacharites Naphtalites Asherites Benjaminites Kennizites Levitites Simeonites And Judahites.13) It was, for me, an epic movie. It amazed me how the people of God lived in Israel and how they went out of its slave order. The miracles of God are real touching stories. The movie was really great

Being Fat a Big Issue

Being gamey a riskyger swerve Daniel Gutierrez English 1430, Fall 2010, Section 02 Professor A. Hepner October 14th, 2010 Daniel Gutierrez A. Hepner ENG 1300-01 October 14th, 2010 Being Fat a Big Issue Being plump out is one of the biggest issues lately. Our lodge has cr preyed a stereotype of how tidy sum should appear and it is non scarcely a fat boy/girl. People who are fat have suffered every day for how they look and many times our society ignores fat massess feelings.Obese mountain have been suffering stamp and discrimination for be fat, even though roughlytimes it is a disease or compulsive consume (eating disorder) that makes them fat, there are also some irresponsible cases of eating unhealthily and it not working out. Obese population today tend to be discriminated for being fat in our society. Overweight people are not different to us they are people homogeneous you and me, for that reason we should not judge them. They are naval division of our society and they deserve respect and understanding. Ms.Claudia Gomez said, It is hard for us when I take the bus and everybody looking us like if we are different or if we are funny, they dont see how painful it is. In addition, there are some studies to show that depression can be responsible for grueling especially in women (Overweight and Depression). Moreover, some obese people have eating disorder like compulsive overeating. irresponsible overeating is an addiction to food in big quantities. People suffering compulsive overeating utilize to eat to hide their emotions, to avoid what they feel inside or their life problems.As Susie Orbach said in her es express, Fat as a Feminist Issue, Women suffering from the problem of compulsive eating endure double fretfulness feeling out of step with the rest of society, and believing that it is all their accept fault. (201) Overweight people have a disease which means people having extra body weight from muscle, bone and fat (What are Overw eight and Obesity). There are some options to lose weight such as surgery, diets by a nutritionist, exercise and some medicines. According to Medline Plus one of the common options for very obese people is the Gastric by Pass Surgery.After this surgery the patients will not be capable of eating like they ate before. This is an alternative to lose weight faster but also the patients have to follow a diet and do exercise (Gastric rotate Surgery). Furthermore, obese people have not been practicing healthy habits. The more or less common unhealthy habits among overweight people are they do not do exercise, they eat in addition frequently, usually eat more than one time at the same meal, they stay a behavior from lightest activities (like wasting disease the stairs or walk a little), and they eat when they are not truly hungry (Frisch).Likewise, overweight people might be more responsible. Everybody knows what we can do or what we cant. If I know that Im gaining weight, I also know t hat I have to take care of what I eat and do exercise. But many obese people know that they are fat and they politic eat unhealthy food and also they do not do exercise. I think this is incident because we like to blame the circumstances (depression, divorce, childhood, etc). But at the same time they also know that being overweight may not be their fault but they are responsible to remain so, because what we do is our choice.Even though there are many advertisements that encourage us to eat unhealthy, nobody is forcing us to eat that food. Also you are the only one who can make the simple decision of taking the face lifting or go up stairs. Being obese or overweight is an irresponsible act that makes people sick and this affects everybody because this is a public health problem that should not be. In his essay, What You Eat Is Your Business, Radley Balko maintains that, the best way to alleviate the obesity public health crisis is to remove obesity from the realm of public healt h (157). As he said, here some people would probably say that people should be responsible with their own health because we are the only ones who make the choice of living healthy or not. On the early(a) hand, some fat people are proud of how they are. Mr. Alvarado who is weighting around 310 pounds describes himself as a big man and he said, I dont feel bad because Im fat, I am happy how I am, a big man. Im comfortable with my weight, I am healthy and I dont want to change because the society says that people should be thin. In my opinion, over the years and following the bad habits that he has, I am not sure if he is going to be healthy. He maybe is proud of how he is but if he does not climb up to eat healthy and do exercise, he is going to see the consequences in a few years. In conclusion, being obese or overweight is an issue but it is also a disease. Although, it is unhealthy and unsightly, the hardest is some of them feel like they cannot fit in our society. In my opinion, we should not judge them we should help them to make the chasten decision to have a healthy life and also we have to change the stereotype that the society has showed us.Also, I used to think all obese people were unhappy to be fat. But my late(a) researches show me that some obese people simply do not care what people say about them and they are happy how they are. Works Cited Pages Compulsive Overeating Something Fishy, Website on Eating Disorders. Web. October 07. 2010. http//www. something-fishy. org/whatarethey/coe. php Gastric Bypass Surgery. Shabir Bhimji MD, PhD, Specializing in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Midland , TX Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A. D. A. M. Medine Plus, Trusted sound Information for You. Update Date, May 17. 2010. Web. October 07. 2010. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007199. htm Overweight and Depression. Womens Health Resource, Taking Care of Your Body. Web. October 07. 2010. http//www. wdxcyber. com/overweight-depression. hypertext mark-up language What are Overweight and Obesity Overweight and Obesity. Revised March. 2010. Web. October 07. 2010. http//www. nhlbi. nih. ov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_whatare. html Balko, Radley. What You Eat Is Your Business. They Say / I say with Readings. Ed. Graff, Birkenstein, Durst. New York-London. 2009. 157-161. Print. Frisch, Louann. 7 Bad Habits of Overweight People. Community and Resources. 24 Hours Fitness. Web. October 07. 2010. http//www. 24hourfitness. com/resources/weight_loss/articles/bad_habits. html Orbach, Susie. Fat as a Feminist Issue. They Say / I say with Readings. Ed. Graff, Birkenstein, Durst. New York-London. 2009. 200-205. Print.

Analysis of ‘Teenage challenge’ article

Q.- hire the condition The Teen sequence Challenge and comment on-* The content of the clause. (message)* The language features.* The design features.* Any other spirit you think is relevant. StructureThe article The Teenage Challenge was published in The Daily Mail, Friday, December 27, 2002. It is divided into dickens parts/sections, the first section written by Sarah Harris, Education correspondent and the second by Edward Enfield (Father of nettle). The content of the article.The article The Teenage Challenge is divided into two sections and is written in response to Charles Clarkes (education secretary) ideas of introducing the 18 prefatory skills. The first section by Sarah Harris projects both the positive and negative view points, indorseed by comments from versatile personalities.Edward Enfield, in the second section is deadly against the education secretarys views and is rather sarcastic in his comments save r arely supported by authoritative opinions. The langu age featuresThe title The Teenage Challenge consists of three intelligence operations which perfectly campaign the conventions ab break through the title. The sub-heading of the first fractional seems standardized a continuation as it begins with OR. The subheading of the second half looks like a sentence rather than a title. The by-line is given in both the sections. In the case of the first section, the designation of the writer (Education Correspondent) Sarah Harris is given, while in the second the Edward Enfield is just identified as a father of Harry, who created Kevin the Teenager.The beginning of the first half is capitalized ANYONE which catches the readers attention. This in any case provides a generalized viewpoint.Through break the article we endure see many examples of beginning rhyme as well up as vowel rhyme. These serve to stress the ideas nonplus forward by the writer, e.g. picking up piles, from their bedroom floor, top five task and this is his business, traditional parental are assonance. The alliteration and assonance apply in Parents patience in the sub-heading of the first half gives it more effect similarly, the alliteration and assonance in the sub-heading of the second half -The social functionful thing would be teaching them how to read.The paragraphs are kept comparatively short, that sometimes a single sentence takes us the whole paragraph, so we can say sentences utilise mainly are complex and in some cases compound. E.g. Yet, with the experience of two months as Education Secretary, Charles Clarke reckons parents should be requiring them to do a whole lot more this is a complex sentence having ace main article Charles Clarke..more and the subordinate clause Yet with the experience.Secretary. Of course it maybe that teenagers of today are particularly stupid, but I think they are only stupid at intelligent things like reading books is a compound sentence having two independent clauses joined together by the conjuncti on but. Most of the paragraphs seems like a continuation of the previous one, beginning with conjunctions, otherwise called paragraph connectives. E.g. Yet, like, And.All throughout the article, there are words in a single talk marks/quotes. This gives a suggestion that somebody elses word not necessarily approved by the writer. E.g. life skills, nanny state, top five.When the quotation continues to the next paragraph, the speech marks are not closed but are reopened. As..without help. weadult life. I.old.To support her viewpoints, Sarah Harris has quoted from different sources. E.g. Rebecca ONeil, a researcher, Conservative Education spokesman oraham Brady, all their words adds more authority. Edward Enfield, on the other pass off has only given his personal opinions, not at all imbibing others ideas. The first half of the article henceforth looks more objective, while the second seems subjective. The scientific terminology as well as mathematical terms add weight to this articl e. E.g. botulism, proteins, imperials, metric units.The positive word used by the economist boom ends the article in an affirmative tone.The quotes are introduced by, e.g. Conservative education spokesman Graham Brady said rather than followed by it as in the case of fiction. The use of statistical or numerical data shows how precise the authors are. E.g. All by the age of 16., 18 basic activities, 15 other things.The slang and colloquial language used in the article makes it an informal one and shows the friendly approach of the writers and their effectiveness. E.g. any of this is his business., he was flipped.The use of hyphen gives a pause to the reader, as well as to show the breakup of ideas. E.g. As any parent-or indeed any TV viewer well-known(prenominal) with my sons comic creation-can testify, teenagers are proud to be Kevins. There are many compound words used especially in the second half, e.g. not-too-difficult, over-joyed, rave-up. The use of the rhetorical question wh y on earthsuch(prenominal) trivia? is meant to give a stress on the basic idea it tries to convey. The 18 basic skills vomit forward by Charles Clarke is introduced by using -ing form of the word. E.g. cooking, working, cleaning.The second half is dominated by the use of the negative words, e.g. shattered.noise.filthy. the collective noun horde which normal refers to hooligans shows the uncivilized nature of the youngsters. The design featuresThe entire article is enfold in a rectangular frame. The title The Teenage Challenge is written in bold, big garner and stands out from the rest of the copy. The sub-heading of the first half is larger than the text but not as striking as the title. It is also underlined. Whereas, the sub-heading of the second half is bolder but not as the title and is not underlined. The by-line in both the halves is written in bold and in the second section, a close-up photograph of the writer is also given.The picture of the clumsy slouching teenager take n from a close-up, eye-level shot is immediately striking to the readers eyes. The teenager covers a rectangular frame which has the title Preparing for life in the real world written in white lettering on a black background. Within the rectangular frame, there are three photographs and a furrow pad. The photographs are given with a caption. The picture of Prince William, a royal example adds authority. The second picture uses the apothegm knowledge is power. These photographs can be considered as a photo-montage taken from a high-level, close-up shot. The notepad is slightly titled and comes out from the frame which shows the power the youngsters will have once they acquire these 18 Basic Skills. These skills are mentioned in the notepad with numbering and on alternate dark and light backgrounds. Any other aspect you think is relevant.This is an article written using the code of written language and still graphic images. This is meant for youngsters, their parents and adults who are mostly tangled in teenagers education. The purpose of this article is to inform us about Charles Clarkes idea of 18 Basic Skills and curve the readers to give their opinions and suggestions to it.The article was effective in conveying the idea of 18 Basic Skills. As a reader, I was able to grasp both the positive and negative viewpoints behind introducing these 18 Basic Skills in school curriculum. According to my opinion, the schools must concentrate more on academics rather than the practical skills. The basic skills can be learned at home but they shouldnt be made a criteria for judging the teenagers.

Research on Ginger in Meghalaya

Report on the field vignette of zest and Turmeric in Meghalaya PREFACE Meghalaya is a state which is rich in natural resources, be it from flora to fauna to the mineral resources, the state has it in abundance. Agriculture, including rate and animal husban juiceless, fisheries, forestry and agro affect constitutes the very cornerstone of socio economic lives of India. One of the major(ip) activities in the state is kitchen-gardening of horticulture flash backs which includes that of Ginger and Turmeric.Ginger is universe predominantly jumbo(a) in Ri Bhoi territorial dominion musical composition almost the consentient belt of Jaintia Hills, the best quality of Turmeric erect in the building block country with the reported cucurmin content up to 7. 6%. However amidst plenty of what we occupy, in that location atomic number 18 too m whatsoever missing links in between for the state to realize the abounding potential in terms of commercial activities in revenues an d most importantly to address the issues of the farmers to emergence the income for meliorate animations in the resolutions. in that respectfore the marketplace access team from MBDA along with the staffs of Appropriate Technology India (ATI) made a natter to almost of the important conclusion belt of spice up and turmeric of Ri Bhoi District and West Jaintia Hills District for sagacity of achieve custodyt which includes subtlety practices as well as lowstanding the thorough practices for the potential of organic witness for premium pricing of the crossways, post ingatheringing and bear on aspects as well as merchandising aspects for meliorate livelihood security in the state.The visit was spanned in six geezerhood and inside these six mean solar days the program was conducted in the following align 12th February 2013 On this day the team comprising of three interns from MBDA and fivesome ATI workforce under the supervision of Mr Iai Majaw, the Horticulture Officer with the Government of Meghalaya, left Shillong at somewhat 10 AM and visited the Ginger belt of Ri Bhoi District. Firstly we visited the farm house which is located next to the Highway to Guwahati at Umsning. There we met and interacted with or so twenty five ginger cultivators in and around Umsning.These villages ar located within the outmatch of 1 to 3 kilometers from Umsning. The farmers start sowing ginger from the finale week of April throughout the month of May. We came to know that they catching the ginger cultivation practices from their fore fathers seeing that the climate is conducive for the crop to thrive and that there is a market for all of their produce from year to year. The main(prenominal) area of fear for them is that, the plant is frequently get give with root and origin rotting, thus spoiling their effort in time and money.Stem rot is to a greater extent frequent than root rot and occurs in between the months of June to September. They do nt agree any dissolver to attempt these kind of infections, the only action mechanism that they do is to uproot the integral crop and throw it as far as possible from the cultivation write down and sometimes even burning that particular crop but it seldom help the cause as the infection will start to spread to the strong row and even at times the whole field. They practiced Jhum cultivation with the belief that it softens the landed estate and helps in the plowing activity.They likewise submit a fair idea of the reason behind crop whirling and practiced it once in 3 years. They do give muck to the crop once in a while in the form of poultry, pig and cow droppings. They said that they have received functioning up from the horticulture officers but most of the time they apply those methods beingnessness taught to them in the beginning phase but turn back to their traditional method of cultivation. They stored the seed in a proper way and have no problem with the occu rrence of seed spoilage before the cultivation period.The nearest market for them is the Umsning market which is being held once a week. At the weekly market, traders which are middle men come to purchase their crop at rates of 1,100 1, two hundred rupees per 40 kgs which is a standard unit of measurement of weight being applied in terms of ginger and turmeric in the whole area. However, when they feel that a better harm is in stock(predicate) at Iewduh market in Shillong or when there is a need to go Shillong for personal work, they hunt along the ginger which fetched them a price of around 1,500 1,600 per 40 kgs.From there the team moved to Sohpdok village which is approximately 5 kms from Umsning. Here we interacted with the headman of the village and around 15 farmers in the processing unit which is next to the SSA school premises and found out that the ginger cultivation was enlarge by the intercession and help of RRTC, Umran. There are 3 driers, 2 slicers and 1 pulveris er at the processing unit which is non yet functional as they have proficient received the machines from North Eastern Hill University.The problems and practices regarding the cultivation practices are the same as the ones which have been described above. However, the people said that they rate of ginger that they shift at the village when traders come to collect from the village is around 900 1,000 rupees per 40 kgs. The last visit for the day was at Regional Resource Training Centre (RRTC) Umran, which is run by the Catholic Church and without delay headed by Father James.The center spans around 400 acres campus and facilitates in imparting training to divers(a) livelihood and entrepreneurship program and one of the main activities is the food processing content which includes turmeric and ginger processing. The ginger after undergoing a series of treatment which includes peeling, trimming, weighing, washing, and processing by boiling with citric acid is thence mildly modi fy and mixed with fine sugar in specific proportions and then properly desiccated and added with sugar to add as aggrandisementping. It is then jammed and labeled as Ginger Candy.The ginger glass is selled at an MRP of 35 rupees for 100gms. When asked about the costing, the staff who is taking care of the processing unit said that the whole cost of mash and mingled activities from start to finish is around 120 150 rupees/kg, while the retail cost is 350 rupees/kg thus making a profit of 200 rupees/kg. The ginger is also converted into powder form firstly dipping the dried ginger in Sodium Carbonate solution to increase the shelf life of the product and then dig up to powder and packed.The same goes for turmeric which is simply grind into powder form and retailed at the stores. Their main area of concern is marketing, which they say they have a especial(a) penetration to the market through their retail outlet next to the national highway and some retail shops in and around S hillong. 13th February 2013 The team left for Nongpoh and along with the existing ERPs of MBDA went to Umkon village which is 23 kms absent from it. Here we interacted with just around 5 farmers as there is a funeral in the village. Almost from each one and every ousehold practice ginger cultivation in large scale and turmeric cultivation for their experience consumption on a lower scale. Almost all of the households exceed 500 kgs of ginger exertion in a year with some of them going up to 3 or 4 tonnes. The main market is at Umden in which the price of the ginger is around 1,000 rupees/40 kgs while the seed is being sold at 35 rupees/kg. The seed is being sold among the farmers from nearby areas and new farmers while the bleak ginger is being bought by middlemen and commission agents who then supply either to Guwahati or Kolkata directly.The main areas of concern for the farmers is again the same issue of their inability and lack of knowledge how to tackle diseases such as st em and root rot. However, they shared their success story of how ginger cultivation has improved the general living conditions in and around the area. There is no rate added activity for the ginger being produced in the area. Then at around 4 pm we left for Byrnihat to visit the North Eastern Regional Agricultural merchandise club Ltd (NERAMAC).There is a processing plant to extract ginger oil from fresh or naked ginger. The plant content is around 3 to 5 tonnes per day, yielding 1. 5 liters of oil which retails at 7000 9000 rupees/liter. The major problem that they are facing is the availability of earthy ginger as most of the ginger which is produced within the region is being sold to middlemen at a higher(prenominal) rate. 14th February 2013 The team left Shillong at around 8 AM for the turmeric belt of West Jaintia Hills District.We stationed at CTC hotel and then under the supervision of Mr Lyngdoh, a horticulture officer with the Govt. of Meghalaya, proceeded to Wahiaje r village where we interacted with 2 farmers, one farmer just started the ginger cultivation activity since he saw that there is a market and the reason is very good for ginger to grow, so keeping in mind of the above factors he started cultivating ginger and after harvesting the produce, decided not to sell any of it but to keep it as seed for the next year.When we arrived there we interacted with him and asked him to show us the place where the seed is being store and when he dug up some of the seed, even though the ginger quality and size is good, it was found that the whole ginger is moist and askew and infected with fungus, bud has also begun to take place. He said that he has received no training on how to cultivate, harvest and store the ginger so he is not aware of what procedures and process to follow.Then we told him to take out the whole lot of ginger stored there and to alter it in the shade and treat it with organic chemicals which might be available at the horticult ure office in the block. Being a starter in the activity he is unaware of the whole system, except the price that he might get if he is to sell the product at the local anesthetic market. He also practices slash and burn cultivation like the rest of the farmers are doing in the whole area.We then met with another farmer who has been practicing the ginger cultivation activity for quite some years but he confessed that he is quite disheartened with the activity as there is no help from the government side in monetary terms nor in training facilities, so he is contemplating of shifting his cultivation activity from ginger to that of tomato as there is a better market currently prevailing in the whole area. The horticulture department is also neglecting the ginger farmers in the area while promoting that of the tomato.We then proceed to Laskein grinding and processing content which has a Federation comprising of 9 clusters, 30 villages and around 100 SHGs. The Unit was isthmus up in 2 007 with the objective of improving livelihood and income within the area. The processing unit was set up with the help of MRDS which also helps in the training of man power as well as marketing activities. The unit is well equipped with Dryers, Slicers, Pulverisers and for the first time this year an fossil oil extractor machine is being set up which will be functional from this year onwards, the staffs also are yet to get training how to utilize the machine.The steps in the processing of ginger in the unit here are as follows WASHING BOILING SLICING DRYING GRINDING PACKAGING The production of turmeric powder last year was around 3 tonnes and this year they aimed at a higher standard. Each and every cluster of villages which falls under the association have a commitment to bring the produce of raw turmeric to the processing centre and the Federation buys it at a rate of 30 rupees/kg, when the turmeric is being sold in powder form at 250 rupees/kg as of last year, 230 rupees is be ing given back to the farmer and 20 rupees is being kept by the federation.The packaging is do in quantities of 1/4th kg, ? kg and 1 kg for the local market while it is packed in gunny bags of 40 kgs each for the lot which is supposed to be transported to Guwahati. 15th February 2013 The team att terminaled by Mr Remi from MRDS went to Umsalait village which falls under Iakitlang cluster, comprising of two villages, Umsalait and Umsaroo which has 245 and 70 households individually. There are 6 SHGs in the cluster, out of which 5 groups consist of women and 1 group that of men.The team interacted with around 30 farmers and learnt that they have been practicing the cultivation of turmeric from generation which they inherited from their forefathers but increased the activity to a larger scale as soon as they see that there is a market and it contributes to the generation of income activity. The problems faced by the farmers are almost the same throughout the state in which the major issues are that of diseases and not knowing how to tackle them.They are quite grateful to MRDS which helped them in imparting knowledge and funds even if its in small mount, the intervention has helped them to increase their income for a better living conditions. 16th February 2013 The team visited Mr W. Nongspung processing centre situated at Laitkor which is roughly 12 kms from Shillong. Mr Nongspung took advantage of the PMEGP scheme from DIC, Shillong and set up his processing centre there.However, fewer spices products are being processed at his unit since he only supply dry turmeric to a company in Guwahati known as Amalgamated Plantations, located at Christian Basti on a commission basis. His commission stands at 20 rupees/kg. He supplies around 30 tonnes of dry turmeric in a year and the company financed the money entirely in advance. Owing to this, he processed dry turmeric at a very less amount. He then started processing fruit juices such as star fruit, cherry as well as pickling of ginger, radish, chillies and bamboo shoots.His products have primitive tags along with them, while there is no proof of paper work that his products are organic certified. He sources the packaging actuals from Industrial estate in Guwahati and get the label locally printed in Shillong. According to him, the major difficulty he is facing is that he doesnt know how to market his products in a big way and he has no idea about branding at all OBSERVATIONS Below are the few parameters of observation prevailing in the production areas where the team has visited a) AREA AND end productMost of the households in the villages which fall under the area that we have visited do not have a fair idea of the size of their respective plot under ginger and turmeric cultivation. From the conversation that we had we could make out that the minimum area of cultivation per family is around 1 acre up to 4 to 5 hectares. As far as production is concerned, the quantity that each household pr oduces ranges from 750 kg to 5 tonnes. b) LAND USE The land that is used is commonly rotary motional and at times shifting and bun cultivation is a normal practice which is traditional in nature.The area to be cultivated is first covered with the soil on top of the leaves and then late burned and often left overnight so as to soften the soil in the ploughing process thus easing the tilling process. This practice also helps in sterilization of the soil. The agricultural land is mostly owned and controlled by individual farmers and some of them have been leased by people who are not engaged in agricultural activities who are mostly traders or government servants or who have migrated from the village on a nominal fee or in exchange for the products the cultivate. ) LAND grooming Ginger and turmeric is normally cultivated in slopes and terrains under the shade of some trees. The land is normally not ploughed but just holed and dug up to 6 to 7 inches for the seed to be buried inside . Very few farmers added spread out of animal dung to the crop while the rest just leave it as it is. There are no proper irrigation facilities to retain the water content during the rainy time, thus leaving the crop to absorb as much water as ossible during the rainy season and dried throughout the rest of the months. d) SELECTION OF SEED After the harvest is done, rhizomes which are large, healthy, free from any injury spots and more buds are selected to be stored as seed. The seeds in the case of turmeric are simply stored under the shade above the ground and normally very few infections would occur on turmeric seed, whereas in the case of ginger it is more complicated as the seed is normally infected with fungus and budding usually takes place before the sowing season.The method of storage is traditional in practice as the seed is stored under a pit dug below the ground and simply covered with a thin layer of soil thus attracting moisture and fungus to infect the seed. There a re many cases in which farmers have complained that the seed gets spoiled before the sowing season starts. e) PLANTING Planting is usually done in the month of April to May just at the start of the rain. The rhizomes are planted in about 6 inches apart from each other and 6 to 8 inches deep and then covered with soil. During plantation the rhizomes are broken and make sure that they at least have 4 to 6 budding sprouts.The turmeric and ginger is normally cultivated along some other vegetables in the field such as beans, maize and pumpkin. f) HARVEST The harvest is done in when the crop attains maturity, the sign given by the wipeout of the stem and leaves. It usually starts from early November and goes till the end of January. The seed is normally left till end of February to attain maximum maturity. Farmers also sometimes look at the market demand and when they know that there is a demand for the product in the market, they normally harvest the crop as and when required. ) MARKETI NG The marketing of ginger and turmeric usually happens in weekly local markets which are near to the villages and sometimes at Iewduh, in Shillong. Commission agents, middle men and traders purchase the products at a wholesale rate from local markets and then sort out and grade the lot according to the quality and packed them in gunny bags to be transported outside the state. In case of turmeric, trade happens mostly as a dry material in the form of slices or in powder, whereas in case of ginger trade happens at the raw or fresh ginger state. then we dismiss see that the middlemen control the market of ginger and turmeric in the whole state. h) COSTING 1) Cultivation-(umsalait) For 1 hectare land, they need around 10 people for 60 days and labour cost is Rs 200/day. (a) Labour 10 x 60 = 600 (b) Labour Cost 600 x 200 = Rs 1,20,000 (c) Seed Cost Rs 30 x 2000kg = Rs Rs 60,000 DIRECT TOTAL COST = Rs 1, 80,000The production from 2000kg seed is around 5 tonnes. And the cost of raw turm eric is Rs 30/kg PRODUCTION OUTPUT= 30 x 5000 = Rs 1, 50,000 Therefore we can see that the expenditure exceeds sale, thus instead of benefitting from the agricultural activity, the farmers are suffering losses, which they cannot visualize as there is no costing method being followed. 2) Processing-(laskein) Cost of raw turmeric is Rs 30/kg. if 100kg is taken for processing, then cost of procuring raw turmeric will be Rs 3000. kg of raw turmeric when dried will produce only 1kg. Therefore 100kg will produce 17kg of dried turmeric. a) Cost of dried turmeric = 3000 / 17kg = Rs 176/kg b) Other Indirect Cost = Rs 100/kg (sorting, washing, drying, slicing, grinding, packaging, transportation, electricity bills and other sundry(a) fee) ___________________________________________________________ TOTAL COST PER KG = Rs 276SELLING PRICE OF 1kg POWDERED TURMERIC = Rs 250 Thus over here we can also see expenditure exceeds sale which results in a loss for the farmers. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that there is a need to reduce the DIRECT COST and to increase the Seed to business Output in order to generate higher revenue. Interventions like introduction of power tillers, is not viable because the cultivated areas are located in far away terrain and slopes, which are not motorable. ORGANIC PRACTICES AND mise en scene OF CERTIFICATIONAs the method of cultivation in the whole state is mostly organic in nature and with the knowingness on importance of organic certification that organic products fetches a premium price in the market, there is a need to promote and to create awareness among the farmers to opt for organic certification so as to increase their income from selling their products. While discussing with various farmers, it is found out that organic farming, although practiced, is mostly done utilise traditional methods which consist mainly of slash and burn and composting.However, the slash and burn method is not considered as organic method be cause it kills the microbes which fertilize the field. Also, they have no access or awareness about organic pesticides like Trichogramma which is available from the State Biological Control Laboratory in Shillong. And Trichoderma which is use mainly for Ginger and Turmeric is still in the testing stage and will be available shortly. Some of the reasons that the farmers have not under gone organic certifications are mentioned below- 1) No awareness about organic certifications and its potential. ) The farmers have not received any training methods regarding organic farming. 3) They are also not aware of the market and its demand for organic products. 4) The certification process is quite long which takes up to three years. On top of that, the certificate has to be renewed every year. 5) It is also quite expensive. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE FARMERS/ PRODUCERS AT PRODUCTION LEVEL 1) Low yield of the horticultural crops in which the ratio is 12. ) Prevalence of bacterial and fungal infect ions which affect some(prenominal) stem rot as well as root rot 3) ill-matched farming practices with poor drainage system to retain water 4) Very seldom crop rotation to replenish soil nutrients 5) Jhum cultivation in which the soil microorganisms died in the process 6) No organic manure is being given to the crops 7) There is no treatment of the seed before sowing 8) There is no capacity building measures being taken to tackle infections and other diseases.POST HARVESTING AND PROCESSING ASPECTS 1) 99% of the farmers sell ginger as a raw produce while turmeric is often converted to dry slices or at times into powder form but at a lower scale. 2) The market is being dominated by the middle men 3) There is no system of grading the ginger found on size and quality 4) The seed to be stored is not harvested at the right time so as it is mature enough to resist spoilage and not properly dried to resist fungal infection 5) Lack of knowledge and training how to store the seed ) Lack of knowledge regarding protect sum activities which will fetch a premium price 7) Lack of appropriate technology and infrastructure in many aspects of modern storage. SUGGESTIONS FOR TRAINING/MBDA INTERVENTION CULTIVATION LEVEL 1) Treatment of the seed with organic chemicals such as Trichoderma, one day before sowing to control any seed infection later on. 2) accustom of organic compost manure to increase the yield and productivity 3) right-hand(a) inter-culture activities from month to month ) turn over of horizontal drain-like pit of about ? ft depth perpendicular to the cultivation rows in terrain areas for water and manure retention. 5) Training in capacity building measures to tackle infections and diseases of both root and stem. 6) Practicing rotation cultivation of turmeric and ginger with leguminous plants on a yearly basis to replenish the nitrogen content of the soil 7) The seed which has to be stored needs to be harvested when it has matured. POST HARVESTING ) Grading a nd segregating the harvest if needed 2) Proper drying of the seed for a week under the shade to avoid moisture content in order to prevent fungus infection during storage. 3) Modern method of storage to maintain the health and freshness of the seed, by delve a hole up to 1 ? ft deep inside the ground and covered with lumps of soil up to 1 ft height and then plaster with a thin layer of wet mud to prevent entry of moisture. 4) Costing method should be taught. 5) Record keeping and internal assessment. ) sensation of the importance of value addition process post harvesting. 7) Exposure visit. 8) The officers at various levels in District headquarters should play a pro-active role in imparting training and looking at various aspects where there could be an intervention. CONCLUSION In both cases of Turmeric and Ginger, there is hardly any value addition that is being done in the State. Middlemen control the market and influenced the fluctuation in price of both these items.In the case of Ginger alone, except for a meager percentage which gets converted into Ginger Candy at Regional Resource Training Centre (RRTC), Umran and North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Ltd (NERAMAC), Byrnihat, there is no other value addition activity being practiced in the State. The whole amount of raw ginger is being packed into sacks of gunny bags of 40kgs and transported directly to Guwahati and Kolkata, thus we are disadvantaged of the real value of what ginger could have fetched if proper knowledge, skills and machineries are being set up for value addition activities within the state.Whereas in terms of Turmeric, people are more aware of the better price which powder turmeric fetches in the market. Beside few turmeric processing units at the village level which were set up by Self Help Groups (SHG) at the cluster or village level, such as one at Laskein Block in West Jaintia Hills and smaller individual Grinding units at Shangpung and Laitkor, there are many small entrepreneurs who take their produce of dry turmeric to grind at any of these grinding units and sell at local markets as well as in the main market, Iewduh in Shillong.Of what we observed, most of the farmers involved in cultivation of turmeric and ginger, are women which comprises of around 70 percent workforce, the men are usually involve during ploughing activity which is more related to strength but as soon as the sowing season started they shifted to other kinds of works or migrated to other villages in search of work. Thus there is a lot desired and to be done in order to improve livelihood security through integration in growth value chains and market linkages in Meghalaya. ______________________________________________________________________